F1: A Distributed SQL Database That Scales

Summary: F1 is a relational DB blending NoSQL scalability with SQL usability, built on Spanner for replication and strong consistency. Hierarchical schema and structured data mitigate latency; includes a distributed SQL engine and automatic change tracking. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 10545
Venue: VLDB
Year: 2013
Pagerank: 0.00015466804
Overall Rank: 900 | 93.75%
DOI: -

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 51 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
363	CockroachDB: The Resilient Geo-Distributed SQL Database	2020	SIGMOD	0.00025750338
1,255	Aggregation and Ordering in Factorised Databases	2013	VLDB	0.00013011216
1,838	Mesa: Geo-Replicated, Near Real-Time, Scalable Data Warehousing	2014	VLDB	0.00010353323
1,938	From Theory to Practice: Efficient Join Query Evaluation in a Parallel Database System	2015	SIGMOD	0.00010025547
1,956	On the Design and Scalability of Distributed Shared-Data Databases	2015	SIGMOD	9.9626473e-05
2,060	Dremel: A Decade of Interactive SQL Analysis at Web Scale	2020	VLDB	9.6585115e-05
2,276	Scalable Atomic Visibility with RAMP Transactions	2014	SIGMOD	9.1320955e-05
2,358	SLOG: Serializable, Low-latency, Geo-replicated Transactions	2019	VLDB	8.9675888e-05
2,548	An Evaluation of Distributed Concurrency Control	2017	VLDB	8.5594603e-05
2,693	Greenplum: A Hybrid Database for Transactional and Analytical Workloads	2021	SIGMOD	8.2845883e-05
2,780	JSON Data Management – Supporting Schema-less Development in RDBMS	2014	SIGMOD	8.1307901e-05
2,850	Towards Scalable Real-time Analytics: An Architecture for Scale-out of OLxP Workloads	2015	VLDB	8.0194228e-05
3,054	Partial Results in Database Systems	2014	SIGMOD	7.6478475e-05
3,070	HAWQ: A Massively Parallel Processing SQL Engine in Hadoop	2014	SIGMOD	7.6157391e-05
3,344	F1 Query: Declarative Querying at Scale	2018	VLDB	7.1944106e-05
3,416	An Evaluation of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Deterministic Database Systems	2014	VLDB	7.1162306e-05
3,641	OceanBase: A 707 Million tpmC Distributed Relational Database System	2022	VLDB	6.8877808e-05
3,750	DIAMetrics: Benchmarking Query Engines at Scale	2020	VLDB	6.7864305e-05
3,764	F1 Lightning: HTAP as a Service	2020	VLDB	6.7762323e-05
3,923	Pushing Data-Induced Predicates Through Joins in Big-Data Clusters	2020	VLDB	6.6232068e-05
4,034	Online, Asynchronous Schema Change in F1	2013	VLDB	6.5112899e-05
4,348	Sundial: Harmonizing Concurrency Control and Caching in a Distributed OLTP Database Management System	2018	VLDB	6.2587037e-05
4,665	Napa: Powering Scalable Data Warehousing with Robust Query Performance at Google	2021	VLDB	6.0057914e-05
4,725	STAR: Scaling Transactions through Asymmetric Replication	2019	VLDB	5.9635555e-05
5,409	Towards Scalable Hybrid Stores: Constraint-Based Rewriting to the Rescue	2019	SIGMOD	5.5224926e-05
5,750	JECB: a Join-Extension, Code-Based Approach to OLTP Data Partitioning	2014	SIGMOD	5.340715e-05
5,776	Epoch-based Commit and Replication in Distributed OLTP Databases	2021	VLDB	5.328271e-05
5,994	Steering Query Optimizers: A Practical Take on Big Data Workloads	2021	SIGMOD	5.2367998e-05
6,246	Taking Omid to the Clouds: Fast, Scalable Transactions for Real-Time Cloud Analytics	2018	VLDB	5.1340013e-05
6,661	Scalable Querying of Nested Data	2021	VLDB	4.9663934e-05
7,079	JetScope: Reliable and Interactive Analytics at Cloud Scale	2015	VLDB	4.8353804e-05
7,205	Kodiak: Leveraging Materialized Views For Very Low-Latency Analytics Over High-Dimensional Web-Scale Data	2016	VLDB	4.7965293e-05
7,554	Storing and Querying Tree-Structured Records in Dremel	2014	VLDB	4.7079131e-05
7,557	Invisible Glue: Scalable Self-Tuning Multi-Stores	2015	CIDR	4.7070194e-05
7,684	TDSQL: Tencent Distributed Database System	2024	VLDB	4.6754482e-05
7,956	Shasta: Interactive Reporting At Scale	2016	SIGMOD	4.6089395e-05
8,519	The LAW theorem: Local Reads and Linearizable Asynchronous Replication	2025	VLDB	4.4893996e-05
9,029	Asymmetric-Partition Replication for Highly Scalable Distributed Transaction Processing in Practice	2020	VLDB	4.4003748e-05
9,554	Bonspiel: Low Tail Latency Transactions in Geo-Distributed Databases	2025	VLDB	4.3212967e-05
9,721	NOC-NOC: Towards Performance-optimal Distributed Transactions	2024	SIGMOD	4.2918769e-05
9,878	HARMONY: A Scalable Distributed Vector Database for High-Throughput Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search	2026	SIGMOD	4.2602815e-05
9,893	OceanRT: Real-Time Analytics over Large Temporal Data	2014	SIGMOD	4.2561802e-05
10,080	Focus! Fast On-disk Concurrency-control Using Sketches	2026	SIGMOD	4.1905499e-05
10,874	PolyBase: Adapting to Data Affinity Changes in Geo-Replicated Database via Row-Level Consensus-Group Affiliation Re-Assignment	2025	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
11,095	Native Distributed Databases: Problems, Challenges and Opportunities	2024	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
11,297	XDB in Action: Decentralized Cross-Database Query Processing for Black-Box DBMSes	2023	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
11,677	Block as a Value for SQL over NoSQL	2019	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
11,811	Quaestor: Query Web Caching for Database-as-a-Service Providers	2017	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
11,857	The Challenges of Global-scale Data Management	2016	SIGMOD	4.1905499e-05
11,869	Comdb2: Bloomberg’s Highly Available Relational Database System	2016	VLDB	4.1905499e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 6 of 6 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
23	A Critique of ANSI SQL Isolation Levels	1995	SIGMOD	0.00083899338
189	Megastore: Providing Scalable, Highly Available Storage for Interactive Services	2011	CIDR	0.00035934191
884	F1 – The Fault-Tolerant Distributed RDBMS Supporting Google's Ad Business	2012	SIGMOD	0.00015579837
1,026	WSQ/DSQ: A Practical Approach for Combined Querying of Databases and the Web*	2000	SIGMOD	0.00014595291
3,074	The O2 Object-Oriented Database System	1992	SIGMOD	7.6079202e-05
4,034	Online, Asynchronous Schema Change in F1	2013	VLDB	6.5112899e-05

Semantically Similar Papers

Overall Rank	Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
1,956	On the Design and Scalability of Distributed Shared-Data Databases	2015	SIGMOD	9.9626473e-05
10,785	FDBKeeper: Enabling Scalable Coordination Services for Metadata Management using Distributed Key-Value Databases	2025	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
12,645	Adaptive Distributed Query Processing	2003	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
7,956	Shasta: Interactive Reporting At Scale	2016	SIGMOD	4.6089395e-05
3,011	FoundationDB: A Distributed Unbundled Transactional Key Value Store	2021	SIGMOD	7.716566e-05
1,008	Spanner: Becoming a SQL System	2017	SIGMOD	0.00014663067
3,764	F1 Lightning: HTAP as a Service	2020	VLDB	6.7762323e-05
4,034	Online, Asynchronous Schema Change in F1	2013	VLDB	6.5112899e-05
3,344	F1 Query: Declarative Querying at Scale	2018	VLDB	7.1944106e-05
884	F1 – The Fault-Tolerant Distributed RDBMS Supporting Google's Ad Business	2012	SIGMOD	0.00015579837