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Multi-Core, Main-Memory Joins: Sort vs. Hash Revisited

Summary: Empirical re-evaluation of in-memory, multi-core joins comparing sort-merge (NUMA-aware) and radix-hash. Radix-hash remains superior; sort-merge only matches it at very large data volumes; fastest implementations and hardware-conscious guidance are provided. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
10963
Venue
VLDB
Year
2014
Pagerank
0.00024176677
Overall Rank
403 | 97.21%
DOI
-

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 31 of 81 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
7,842 NOCAP: Near-Optimal Correlation-Aware Partitioning Joins 2023 SIGMOD 4.6336361e-05
8,021 Parallelizing Intra-Window Join on Multicores: An Experimental Study 2021 SIGMOD 4.600223e-05
8,053 Building Advanced SQL Analytics From Low-Level Plan Operators 2021 SIGMOD 4.5925468e-05
8,215 Pea Hash: A Performant Extendible Adaptive Hashing Index 2023 SIGMOD 4.5522624e-05
8,411 The Case for Learned In-Memory Joins 2023 VLDB 4.5151296e-05
8,423 SPRINTER: A Fast n-ary Join Query Processing Method for Complex OLAP Queries 2020 SIGMOD 4.5112315e-05
8,465 Inferray: fast in-memory RDF inference 2016 VLDB 4.4999659e-05
8,476 Analyzing Vectorized Hash Tables Across CPU Architectures 2023 VLDB 4.4972784e-05
8,515 UPLIFT: Parallelization Strategies for Feature Transformations in Machine Learning Workloads 2022 VLDB 4.4901466e-05
8,623 Adaptive Code Generation for Data-Intensive Analytics 2021 VLDB 4.4786182e-05
8,717 Entropy-Learned Hashing: Constant Time Hashing with Controllable Uniformity 2022 SIGMOD 4.4566937e-05
8,855 A Design Space Exploration and Evaluation for Main-Memory Hash Joins in Storage Class Memory 2023 VLDB 4.4306395e-05
8,930 An Application-Specific Instruction Set for Accelerating Set-Oriented Database Primitives 2014 SIGMOD 4.4229886e-05
9,068 How to Stop Under-Utilization and Love Multicores 2014 SIGMOD 4.398897e-05
9,143 Design and Analysis of a Processing-in-DIMM Join Algorithm: A Case Study with UPMEM DIMMs 2023 SIGMOD 4.381112e-05
9,303 Engineering High-Performance Database Engines 2014 VLDB 4.3550373e-05
9,822 Thriving in the No Man’s Land between Compilers and Databases 2019 CIDR 4.2713516e-05
9,837 Efficiently Joining Large Relations on Multi-GPU Systems 2025 VLDB 4.269939e-05
9,924 GPH: An Efficient and Effective Perfect Hashing Scheme for GPU Architectures 2025 SIGMOD 4.2503199e-05
10,121 TQEx: Tensor-based Query Engine Enhanced by Bridging the Gap 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,190 P-MOSS: Scheduling Main-Memory Indexes Over NUMA Servers Using Next Token Prediction 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,504 Nested Parquet Is Flat, Why Not Use It? How To Scan Nested Data With On-the-Fly Key Generation and Joins 2025 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,984 Enabling Adaptive Sampling for Intra-Window Join: Simultaneously Optimizing Quantity and Quality 2024 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,996 SPID-Join: A Skew-resistant Processing-in-DIMM Join Algorithm Exploiting the Bank- and Rank-level Parallelisms of DIMMs 2024 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
11,145 Cache-Efficient Top-k Aggregation over High Cardinality Large Datasets 2024 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
11,239 Cracking-Like Join for Trusted Execution Environments 2023 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
11,360 Scaling Equi-Joins 2022 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
11,714 RAPID: In-Memory Analytical Query Processing Engine with Extreme Performance per Watt 2018 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
11,840 A Study of Sorting Algorithms on Approximate Memory 2016 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
11,851 Efficient Query Processing on Many-core Architectures: A Case Study with Intel Xeon Phi Processor 2016 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
11,980 Palette: Enabling Scalable Analytics for Big-Memory, Multicore Machines 2014 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 13 of 13 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
21 GAMMA - A High Performance Dataflow Database Machine 1986 VLDB 0.00086104592
30 Hashing Methods and Relational Algebra Operations 1984 VLDB 0.00078665259
81 Cache Conscious Algorithms for Relational Query Processing 1994 VLDB 0.00055253195
230 A Performance Evaluation of Four Parallel Join Algorithms in a Shared-Nothing Multiprocessor Environment 1989 SIGMOD 0.00032145125
350 Sort vs. Hash Revisited: Fast Join Implementation on Modern Multi-Core CPUs 2009 VLDB 0.00026368305
518 An Overview of The System Software of A Parallel Relational Database Machine GRACE 1986 VLDB 0.00021161322
538 Design and Evaluation of Main Memory Hash Join Algorithms for Multi-core CPUs 2011 SIGMOD 0.00020632609
584 Massively Parallel Sort-Merge Joins in Main Memory Multi-Core Database Systems 2012 VLDB 0.00019700451
932 Fast Sort on CPUs and GPUs: A Case for Bandwidth Oblivious SIMD Sort 2010 SIGMOD 0.00015227954
944 Efficient Implementation of Sorting on Multi-Core SIMD CPU Architecture 2008 VLDB 0.0001512998
1,540 NUMA-aware algorithms: the case of data shuffling 2013 CIDR 0.00011451745
1,758 CellSort: High Performance Sorting on the Cell Processor 2007 VLDB 0.00010648185
3,660 CloudRAMSort: Fast and Efficient Large-Scale Distributed RAM Sort on Shared-Nothing Cluster 2012 SIGMOD 6.8683099e-05
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Semantically Similar Papers

Overall Rank Paper Year Venue Pagerank
8,855 A Design Space Exploration and Evaluation for Main-Memory Hash Joins in Storage Class Memory 2023 VLDB 4.4306395e-05
77 Multiprocessor Hash-Based Join Algorithms 1985 VLDB 0.00056488357
1,800 An Experimental Comparison of Thirteen Relational Equi-Joins in Main Memory 2016 SIGMOD 0.00010494121
2,622 Hash-Based Join Algorithms for Multiprocessor Computers with Shared Memory 1990 VLDB 8.4404954e-05
230 A Performance Evaluation of Four Parallel Join Algorithms in a Shared-Nothing Multiprocessor Environment 1989 SIGMOD 0.00032145125
3,428 Distributed Join Algorithms on Thousands of Cores 2017 VLDB 7.1002401e-05
2,599 Design and Evaluation of Parallel Pipelined Join Algorithms 1987 SIGMOD 8.4655075e-05
584 Massively Parallel Sort-Merge Joins in Main Memory Multi-Core Database Systems 2012 VLDB 0.00019700451
538 Design and Evaluation of Main Memory Hash Join Algorithms for Multi-core CPUs 2011 SIGMOD 0.00020632609
350 Sort vs. Hash Revisited: Fast Join Implementation on Modern Multi-Core CPUs 2009 VLDB 0.00026368305