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Effectively Learning Spatial Indices

Summary: Proposes a learned index for 2D spatial data using rank-space ordering to form an indexable sequence and block-wise learning for scalability. A recursive partitioning strategy, with experiments on 100M+ points, yields query speedups of over an order of magnitude versus R-trees and prior learned indexes. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
12121
Venue
VLDB
Year
2020
Pagerank
8.326321e-05
Overall Rank
2,676 | 81.41%
DOI
10.14778/3407790.3407829

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 30 of 30 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
3,945 APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 6.605467e-05
4,056 Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready? 2022 VLDB 6.4905689e-05
4,830 CARMI: A Cache-Aware Learned Index with a Cost-based Construction Algorithm 2022 VLDB 5.8884997e-05
5,072 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB 5.7121108e-05
5,323 Can Learned Models Replace Hash Functions? 2023 VLDB 5.5671086e-05
5,327 DILI: A Distribution-Driven Learned Index 2023 VLDB 5.5660777e-05
5,463 The RLR-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based R-Tree for Spatial Data 2023 SIGMOD 5.4920768e-05
5,682 LSched: A Workload-Aware Learned Query Scheduler for Analytical Database Systems 2022 SIGMOD 5.3752251e-05
6,395 Range Search over Encrypted Multi-Attribute Data 2023 VLDB 5.0766624e-05
6,442 Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices 2023 SIGMOD 5.0541252e-05
6,488 FILM: a Fully Learned Index for Larger-than-Memory Databases 2023 VLDB 5.0378878e-05
6,806 LMSFC: A Novel Multidimensional Index based on Learned Monotonic Space Filling Curves 2023 VLDB 4.917024e-05
6,962 Replicated Layout for In-Memory Database Systems 2022 VLDB 4.8771234e-05
7,389 Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk 2024 SIGMOD 4.7386163e-05
7,654 LiteHST: A Tree Embedding based Method for Similarity Search 2023 SIGMOD 4.6831082e-05
8,089 Towards Designing and Learning Piecewise Space-Filling Curves 2023 VLDB 4.5855593e-05
8,354 Waffle: A Workload-Aware and Query-Sensitive Framework for Disk-Based Spatial Indexing 2023 VLDB 4.5329424e-05
8,636 WISK: A Workload-aware Learned Index for Spatial Keyword Queries 2023 SIGMOD 4.4758336e-05
8,952 One Seed, Two Birds: A Unified Learned Structure for Exact and Approximate Counting 2024 SIGMOD 4.4195459e-05
9,487 Spatial Query Optimization With Learning 2024 VLDB 4.3300131e-05
9,605 Waffle: In-memory Grid Index for Moving Objects with Reinforcement Learning-based Configuration Tuning System 2022 VLDB 4.3136057e-05
9,826 PLATON: Top-down R-tree Packing with Learned Partition Policy 2023 SIGMOD 4.2710095e-05
10,180 LM-Tree: A Hybrid Learned Index for Similarity Search in Metric Spaces 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,282 Toward Drift-Aware Database Benchmarking 2026 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,331 LiBox: A Learned Index as an Array to Minimize Last-Mile Search 2026 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,396 Optimizing Block Skipping for High-Dimensional Data with Learned Adaptive Curve 2025 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,983 BT-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based Index for Big Trajectory Data 2024 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
11,139 Efficient Cost Modeling of Space-filling Curves 2024 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
11,281 Demonstrating Waffle: A Self-driving Grid Index 2023 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
11,337 Faster and Better Solution to Embed Lp Metrics by Tree Metrics 2022 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 23 of 23 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2 R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure For Spatial Searching 1984 SIGMOD 0.0032118946
5 The K-D-B-Tree: A Search Structure for Large Multidimensional Dynamic Indexes 1981 SIGMOD 0.0018380955
6 The R*-tree: An Efficient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles 1990 SIGMOD 0.0016113151
24 The R+-Tree: A Dynamic Index For Multi-Dimensional Objects 1987 VLDB 0.00083300888
48 Nearest Neighbor Queries 1995 SIGMOD 0.0006954126
56 Direct Spatial Search on Pictorial Databases Using Packed R-trees 1985 SIGMOD 0.00065500256
101 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00049778866
217 A Class of Data Structures for Associative Searching 1984 PODS 0.00033533621
356 Hilbert R-tree: An Improved R-tree Using Fractals 1994 VLDB 0.00026091196
766 Client-Server Paradise 1994 VLDB 0.0001690298
796 SageDB: A Learned Database System 2019 CIDR 0.00016541749
819 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00016237497
844 The PGM-index: a fully-dynamic compressed learned index with provable worst-case bounds 2020 VLDB 0.00015964123
929 The Pyramid-Technique: Towards Breaking the Curse of Dimensionality 1998 SIGMOD 0.0001523035
1,250 Fractals for Secondary Key Retrieval 1989 PODS 0.00013037936
1,365 FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure 2019 SIGMOD 0.00012379754
1,464 Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes 2020 SIGMOD 0.0001184772
1,608 Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011169837
1,766 Query and Update Efficient B+-Tree Based Indexing of Moving Objects 2004 VLDB 0.00010611043
2,108 LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data 2020 SIGMOD 9.5283642e-05
2,144 The LSD tree: spatial access to multidimensional point and non-point objects 1989 VLDB 9.4375327e-05
3,259 A Revised R*-tree in Comparison with Related Index Structures 2009 SIGMOD 7.3101573e-05
7,046 Theoretically Optimal and Empirically Efficient R-trees with Strong Parallelizability 2018 VLDB 4.8471584e-05
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Overall Rank Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2,020 Efficient Retrieval of the Top-k Most Relevant Spatial Web Objects 2009 VLDB 9.7766925e-05
7,389 Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk 2024 SIGMOD 4.7386163e-05
1,438 Benchmarking Learned Indexes 2021 VLDB 0.00011965956
2 R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure For Spatial Searching 1984 SIGMOD 0.0032118946
5,072 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB 5.7121108e-05
9,487 Spatial Query Optimization With Learning 2024 VLDB 4.3300131e-05
1,512 Indexing Land Surface for Efficient kNN Query 2008 VLDB 0.00011582099
5,463 The RLR-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based R-Tree for Spatial Data 2023 SIGMOD 5.4920768e-05
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101 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00049778866