Monarch: Google’s Planet-Scale In-Memory Time Series Database

Summary: Monarch is Google’s planet-scale, in-memory time-series DB for a multi-tenant service. It features a regionalized distributed architecture with global query and configuration planes, an expressive relational model, and novel reliability and flexibility mechanisms to ingest TB/s and serve millions of queries—plus decade-long operational lessons. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 12200
Venue: VLDB
Year: 2020
Pagerank: 7.2740159e-05
Overall Rank: 3,286 | 77.15%
DOI: 10.14778/3181-3194

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 10 of 10 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
3,967	Apache IoTDB: A Time Series Database for IoT Applications	2023	SIGMOD	6.5796647e-05
6,204	OnlineSTL: Scaling Time Series Decomposition by 100x	2022	VLDB	5.1590612e-05
6,797	Raising the ClaSS of Streaming Time Series Segmentation	2024	VLDB	4.9241565e-05
7,492	Krypton: Real-time Serving and Analytical SQL Engine at ByteDance	2023	VLDB	4.7180617e-05
7,747	TSCache: An Efficient Flash-based Caching Scheme for Time-series Data Workloads	2021	VLDB	4.6616405e-05
8,119	DecLog: Decentralized Logging in Non-Volatile Memory for Time Series Database Systems	2024	VLDB	4.5809563e-05
8,288	Mach: A Pluggable Metrics Storage Engine for the Age of Observability	2022	CIDR	4.5435639e-05
9,682	Lindorm TSDB: A Cloud-native Time-series Database for Large-scale Monitoring Systems	2023	VLDB	4.3047774e-05
10,674	Improving Time Series Data Compression in Apache IoTDB	2025	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
10,780	Goku: A Schemaless Time Series Database for Large Scale Monitoring at Pinterest	2025	VLDB	4.1945683e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 8 of 8 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
210	Gorilla: A Fast, Scalable, In-Memory Time Series Database	2015	VLDB	0.0003404384
808	Universality of Serial Histograms	1993	VLDB	0.00016432772
1,805	M4: A Visualization-Oriented Time Series Data Aggregation	2014	VLDB	0.00010493299
2,267	ModelarDB: Modular Model-Based Time Series Management with Spark and Cassandra	2018	VLDB	9.1519895e-05
3,355	F1 Query: Declarative Querying at Scale	2018	VLDB	7.1829142e-05
4,649	Window-Aware Load Shedding for Aggregation Queries over Data Streams	2006	VLDB	6.0236001e-05
5,158	Coconut: A Scalable Bottom-Up Approach for Building Data Series Indexes	2018	VLDB	5.6588553e-05
6,123	Data Ingestion for the Connected World	2017	CIDR	5.1991194e-05

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3,355	F1 Query: Declarative Querying at Scale	2018	VLDB	7.1829142e-05
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3,789	DIAMetrics: Benchmarking Query Engines at Scale	2020	VLDB	6.7644737e-05
10,780	Goku: A Schemaless Time Series Database for Large Scale Monitoring at Pinterest	2025	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
9,682	Lindorm TSDB: A Cloud-native Time-series Database for Large-scale Monitoring Systems	2023	VLDB	4.3047774e-05
189	Megastore: Providing Scalable, Highly Available Storage for Interactive Services	2011	CIDR	0.00035925334
210	Gorilla: A Fast, Scalable, In-Memory Time Series Database	2015	VLDB	0.0003404384