Learning to Sample: Counting with Complex Queries

Summary: Two-phase learning-to-sample: sample to train a classifier, then guide stratified counting for complex queries. Theory derives optimal stratification; empirically compares against quantification and weighted/stratified sampling across real and synthetic data. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 12244
Venue: VLDB
Year: 2020
Pagerank: 4.7847433e-05
Overall Rank: 7,246 | 49.65%
DOI: 10.14778/3368289.3368302

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 6 of 6 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
4,703	Accelerating Approximate Aggregation Queries with Expensive Predicates	2021	VLDB	5.9793615e-05
6,565	Toward Interpretable and Actionable Data Analysis with Explanations and Causality	2022	VLDB	5.0033542e-05
6,724	Combining Aggregation and Sampling (Nearly) Optimally for Approximate Query Processing	2021	SIGMOD	4.9449472e-05
8,383	Consistent and Flexible Selectivity Estimation for High-Dimensional Data	2021	SIGMOD	4.5261239e-05
9,487	Spatial Query Optimization With Learning	2024	VLDB	4.3300131e-05
10,491	FAAQP: Fast and Accurate Approximate Query Processing based on Bitmap-augmented Sum-Product Network	2025	SIGMOD	4.1905499e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 14 of 14 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
14	Online Aggregation	1997	SIGMOD	0.0010813443
18	On Random Sampling over Joins	1999	SIGMOD	0.00092569117
46	Simple Random Sampling from Relational Databases	1986	VLDB	0.00071588702
203	Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning	2019	CIDR	0.00034868567
216	Ripple Joins for Online Aggregation	1999	SIGMOD	0.00033560137
332	Accelerating Machine Learning Inference with Probabilistic Predicates	2018	SIGMOD	0.00027173479
369	Sequential Sampling Procedures For Query Size Estimation	1992	SIGMOD	0.00025502381
796	SageDB: A Learned Database System	2019	CIDR	0.00016541749
941	Wander Join: Online Aggregation via Random Walks	2016	SIGMOD	0.00015147831
1,161	VerdictDB: Universalizing Approximate Query Processing	2018	SIGMOD	0.00013579831
1,257	Dynamic Sample Selection for Approximate Query Processing	2003	SIGMOD	0.00013002384
1,372	Random Sampling over Joins Revisited	2018	SIGMOD	0.0001233325
2,177	A Sample-and-Clean Framework for Fast and Accurate Query Processing on Dirty Data	2014	SIGMOD	9.371335e-05
4,022	Exploiting Correlations for Expensive Predicate Evaluation	2015	SIGMOD	6.5185189e-05

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3,455	Learned Cardinality Estimation: A Design Space Exploration and A Comparative Evaluation	2022	VLDB	7.0760196e-05
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9,387	Small Selectivities Matter: Lifting the Burden of Empty Samples	2021	SIGMOD	4.341968e-05
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37	Statistical Estimators for Relational Algebra Expressions	1988	PODS	0.00075597514