Back to papers
APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory
Summary: APEX is a learned index for persistent memory, merging ALEX with PM-aware design to enable persistence, concurrency, and instant recovery. On Intel DCPMM, it reduces PM accesses and yields up to 15x faster performance than prior PM indexes, with ~42 ms recovery.
(summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)
- Paper ID
- 12934
- Venue
- VLDB
- Year
- 2022
- Pagerank
- 6.4622113e-05
- Overall Rank
- 4,084 | 71.59%
- DOI
-
10.14778/3494124.3494141
Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time
Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 26 of 26 citing papers.
| Rank |
Citing Paper |
Year |
Venue |
Pagerank |
| 4,128 |
Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready? |
2022 |
VLDB |
6.4292373e-05 |
| 5,074 |
Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation |
2023 |
VLDB |
5.7175726e-05 |
| 5,319 |
DILI: A Distribution-Driven Learned Index |
2023 |
VLDB |
5.5713974e-05 |
| 5,592 |
PLIN: A Persistent Learned Index for Non-Volatile Memory with High Performance and Instant Recovery |
2023 |
VLDB |
5.4210633e-05 |
| 5,642 |
NFL: Robust Learned Index via Distribution Transformation |
2022 |
VLDB |
5.3929294e-05 |
| 5,762 |
Oasis: An Optimal Disjoint Segmented Learned Range Filter |
2024 |
VLDB |
5.3377299e-05 |
| 6,297 |
Towards instance-optimized data systems |
2021 |
VLDB |
5.1227886e-05 |
| 7,154 |
Bf-Tree: A Modern Read-Write-Optimized Concurrent Larger-Than-Memory Range Index |
2024 |
VLDB |
4.815267e-05 |
| 7,390 |
Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk |
2024 |
SIGMOD |
4.7431654e-05 |
| 7,630 |
Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes: Part Two |
2022 |
VLDB |
4.6923637e-05 |
| 7,869 |
SALI: A Scalable Adaptive Learned Index Framework based on Probability Models |
2023 |
SIGMOD |
4.6315248e-05 |
| 8,076 |
Accelerating String-key Learned Index Structures via Memoization-based Incremental Training |
2024 |
VLDB |
4.5917398e-05 |
| 8,671 |
Algorithmic Complexity Attacks on Dynamic Learned Indexes |
2024 |
VLDB |
4.4714076e-05 |
| 8,855 |
A Design Space Exploration and Evaluation for Main-Memory Hash Joins in Storage Class Memory |
2023 |
VLDB |
4.4348906e-05 |
| 8,984 |
The Past, Present and Future of Indexing on Persistent Memory |
2022 |
VLDB |
4.4157721e-05 |
| 9,095 |
AirIndex: Versatile Index Tuning Through Data and Storage |
2023 |
SIGMOD |
4.3975034e-05 |
| 9,346 |
Can Learned Indexes be Built Efficiently? A Deep Dive into Sampling Trade-offs |
2024 |
SIGMOD |
4.3532026e-05 |
| 9,454 |
OptiQL: Robust Optimistic Locking for Memory-Optimized Indexes |
2023 |
SIGMOD |
4.3391522e-05 |
| 9,618 |
A New Paradigm in Tuning Learned Indexes: A Reinforcement Learning Enhanced Approach |
2025 |
SIGMOD |
4.3173366e-05 |
| 9,827 |
PLATON: Top-down R-tree Packing with Learned Partition Policy |
2023 |
SIGMOD |
4.2751057e-05 |
| 10,087 |
High Performance or Low Memory? An Updatable Learned Index Framework for Time-Space Tradeoff |
2026 |
SIGMOD |
4.1945683e-05 |
| 10,172 |
HIRE: A Hybrid Learned Index for Robust and Efficient Performance under Mixed Workloads |
2026 |
SIGMOD |
4.1945683e-05 |
| 10,319 |
LiBox: A Learned Index as an Array to Minimize Last-Mile Search |
2026 |
VLDB |
4.1945683e-05 |
| 10,562 |
FB+-tree: A Memory-Optimized B+-tree with Latch-Free Update |
2025 |
VLDB |
4.1945683e-05 |
| 10,712 |
DobLIX: A Dual-Objective Learned Index for Log-Structured Merge Trees |
2025 |
VLDB |
4.1945683e-05 |
| 11,151 |
Data Pipes: Declarative Control over Data Movement |
2023 |
CIDR |
4.1945683e-05 |
Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 22 of 22 cited papers.
Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.
| Rank |
Cited Paper |
Year |
Venue |
Pagerank |
| 102 |
The Case for Learned Index Structures |
2018 |
SIGMOD |
0.00049545203 |
| 103 |
Making B+-Trees Cache Conscious in Main Memory |
2000 |
SIGMOD |
0.00049150032 |
| 680 |
FPTree: A Hybrid SCM-DRAM Persistent and Concurrent B-Tree for Storage Class Memory |
2016 |
SIGMOD |
0.0001821501 |
| 819 |
Persistent B+-Trees in Non-Volatile Main Memory |
2015 |
VLDB |
0.00016298164 |
| 826 |
ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index |
2020 |
SIGMOD |
0.00016224841 |
| 857 |
The PGM-index: a fully-dynamic compressed learned index with provable worst-case bounds |
2020 |
VLDB |
0.00015882892 |
| 1,087 |
HOT: A Height Optimized Trie Index for Main-Memory Database Systems |
2018 |
SIGMOD |
0.00014162909 |
| 1,312 |
Reducing the Storage Overhead of Main-Memory OLTP Databases with Hybrid Indexes |
2016 |
SIGMOD |
0.00012652548 |
| 1,375 |
FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure |
2019 |
SIGMOD |
0.00012303141 |
| 1,405 |
BzTree: A High-Performance Latch-free Range Index for Non-Volatile Memory |
2018 |
VLDB |
0.00012174592 |
| 1,460 |
Benchmarking Learned Indexes |
2021 |
VLDB |
0.00011887068 |
| 1,478 |
Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes |
2020 |
SIGMOD |
0.00011762542 |
| 1,611 |
Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics |
2020 |
SIGMOD |
0.00011147324 |
| 1,888 |
Dash: Scalable Hashing on Persistent Memory |
2020 |
VLDB |
0.00010202743 |
| 1,889 |
Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads |
2021 |
VLDB |
0.00010200865 |
| 2,115 |
LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data |
2020 |
SIGMOD |
9.5257379e-05 |
| 2,510 |
LB+-Trees: Optimizing Persistent Index Performance on 3DXPoint Memory |
2020 |
VLDB |
8.6204284e-05 |
| 2,552 |
Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions |
2021 |
VLDB |
8.5530411e-05 |
| 2,678 |
Effectively Learning Spatial Indices |
2020 |
VLDB |
8.3252088e-05 |
| 2,992 |
DPTree: Differential Indexing for Persistent Memory |
2020 |
VLDB |
7.7693475e-05 |
| 3,470 |
Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes |
2020 |
VLDB |
7.0655357e-05 |
| 6,434 |
Patience is a Virtue: Revisiting Merge and Sort on Modern Processors |
2014 |
SIGMOD |
5.0640194e-05 |
Semantically Similar Papers
| Overall Rank |
Paper |
Year |
Venue |
Pagerank |
| 8,984 |
The Past, Present and Future of Indexing on Persistent Memory |
2022 |
VLDB |
4.4157721e-05 |
| 8,101 |
Hyper: A High-Performance and Memory-Efficient Learned Index via Hybrid Construction |
2024 |
SIGMOD |
4.5854141e-05 |
| 5,592 |
PLIN: A Persistent Learned Index for Non-Volatile Memory with High Performance and Instant Recovery |
2023 |
VLDB |
5.4210633e-05 |
| 4,903 |
Persistent Memory Hash Indexes: An Experimental Evaluation |
2021 |
VLDB |
5.8399968e-05 |
| 6,229 |
When Tree Meets Hash: Reducing Random Reads for Index Structures on Persistent Memories |
2023 |
SIGMOD |
5.1463389e-05 |
| 1,460 |
Benchmarking Learned Indexes |
2021 |
VLDB |
0.00011887068 |
| 826 |
ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index |
2020 |
SIGMOD |
0.00016224841 |
| 7,630 |
Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes: Part Two |
2022 |
VLDB |
4.6923637e-05 |
| 2,992 |
DPTree: Differential Indexing for Persistent Memory |
2020 |
VLDB |
7.7693475e-05 |
| 3,470 |
Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes |
2020 |
VLDB |
7.0655357e-05 |