What Is the Price for Joining Securely? Benchmarking Equi-Joins in Trusted Execution Environments

Summary: Benchmarks eight equi-join algorithms in TEEs using TEEbench; first comprehensive TEEs join study highlighting bottlenecks due to sealing/obliviousness. Findings: up to 3 orders of magnitude slower than plain CPUs; calls for hardware-aware redesign and secure query plan tuning. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 12939
Venue: VLDB
Year: 2022
Pagerank: 5.328804e-05
Overall Rank: 5,784 | 59.77%
DOI: 10.14778/3494124.3494146

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 3 of 3 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
10,970	Relational Algorithms for Top-k Query Evaluation	2024	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
11,237	Cracking-Like Join for Trusted Execution Environments	2023	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
11,238	Olive: Oblivious Federated Learning on Trusted Execution Environment Against the Risk of Sparsification	2023	VLDB	4.1945683e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 15 of 15 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
9	Implementation Techniques For Main Memory Database Systems	1984	SIGMOD	0.0014279444
52	Database Architecture Optimized for the new Bottleneck: Memory Access	1999	VLDB	0.00066474881
351	Sort vs. Hash Revisited: Fast Join Implementation on Modern Multi-Core CPUs	2009	VLDB	0.0002636504
404	Multi-Core, Main-Memory Joins: Sort vs. Hash Revisited	2014	VLDB	0.00024143076
540	Design and Evaluation of Main Memory Hash Join Algorithms for Multi-core CPUs	2011	SIGMOD	0.0002063443
946	Efficient Implementation of Sorting on Multi-Core SIMD CPU Architecture	2008	VLDB	0.0001513324
1,016	Memory-Efficient Hash Joins	2015	VLDB	0.00014638492
1,503	Azure SQL Database Always Encrypted	2020	SIGMOD	0.0001164317
1,804	An Experimental Comparison of Thirteen Relational Equi-Joins in Main Memory	2016	SIGMOD	0.00010501185
2,359	Data Market Platforms: Trading Data Assets to Solve Data Problems	2020	VLDB	8.9607667e-05
2,670	Efficient Oblivious Database Joins	2020	VLDB	8.3379158e-05
3,571	Lightning Fast and Space Efficient Inequality Joins	2015	VLDB	6.9580858e-05
3,582	NADEEF/ER: Generic and Interactive Entity Resolution	2014	SIGMOD	6.9479263e-05
4,049	Building Enclave-Native Storage Engines for Practical Encrypted Databases	2021	VLDB	6.4955754e-05
8,018	Parallelizing Intra-Window Join on Multicores: An Experimental Study	2021	SIGMOD	4.6046381e-05

Semantically Similar Papers

Overall Rank	Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
1,828	Authenticated Join Processing in Outsourced Databases	2009	SIGMOD	0.00010389392
1,079	What happens during a Join? Dissecting CPU and Memory Optimization Effects	2000	VLDB	0.00014233415
10,254	Secure Multi-Party Sampling over Joins	2026	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
4,465	Robust Join Processing with Diamond Hardened Joins	2024	VLDB	6.1604282e-05
3,898	Efficient Join Algorithms For Large Database Tables in a Multi-GPU Environment	2021	VLDB	6.6551268e-05
3,159	Towards Practical Oblivious Join	2022	SIGMOD	7.4630494e-05
10,544	Jodes: Efficient Oblivious Join in the Distributed Setting	2025	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
2,670	Efficient Oblivious Database Joins	2020	VLDB	8.3379158e-05
1,804	An Experimental Comparison of Thirteen Relational Equi-Joins in Main Memory	2016	SIGMOD	0.00010501185
11,237	Cracking-Like Join for Trusted Execution Environments	2023	VLDB	4.1945683e-05