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Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation

Summary: Benchmarks ML and classical cardinality estimators in PostgreSQL on a new real-world dataset (STATS) and workload (STATS-CEB) to assess impact on optimizer plan quality. Shows Q-Error inadequate; introduces P-Error, a subplan-weighted metric that better predicts end-to-end optimizer performance. (summarized by gpt-5-mini on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
12948
Venue
VLDB
Year
2022
Pagerank
0.00011050093
Overall Rank
1,638 | 88.62%
DOI
10.14778/3503585.3503586

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

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Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 69 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
3,152 Opportunities for Quantum Acceleration of Databases: Optimization of Queries and Transaction Schedules 2023 VLDB 7.4709765e-05
3,345 Lero: A Learning-to-Rank Query Optimizer 2023 VLDB 7.1908499e-05
3,992 FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries 2023 SIGMOD 6.5519369e-05
4,413 Robust Query Driven Cardinality Estimation under Changing Workloads 2023 VLDB 6.1989918e-05
5,289 LearnedSQLGen: Constraint-aware SQL Generation using Reinforcement Learning 2022 SIGMOD 5.5790771e-05
5,339 LEON: A New Framework for ML-Aided Query Optimization 2023 VLDB 5.5596755e-05
5,405 ALECE: An Attention-based Learned Cardinality Estimator for SPJ Queries on Dynamic Workloads 2024 VLDB 5.5243727e-05
5,412 Kepler: Robust Learning for Faster Parametric Query Optimization 2023 SIGMOD 5.5200608e-05
5,639 Analyzing the Impact of Cardinality Estimation on Execution Plans in Microsoft SQL Server 2023 VLDB 5.3972261e-05
5,844 Stage: Query Execution Time Prediction in Amazon Redshift 2024 SIGMOD 5.3060581e-05
5,941 Eraser: Eliminating Performance Regression on Learned Query Optimizer 2024 VLDB 5.2594013e-05
5,978 SafeBound: A Practical System for Generating Cardinality Bounds 2023 SIGMOD 5.2424396e-05
6,328 A Comparative Study and Component Analysis of Query Plan Representation Techniques in ML4DB Studies 2024 VLDB 5.1034426e-05
6,382 Sample-Efficient Cardinality Estimation Using Geometric Deep Learning 2024 VLDB 5.0835686e-05
6,753 Breaking It Down: An In-depth Study of Index Advisors 2024 VLDB 4.9345582e-05
6,774 A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS 2022 CIDR 4.9253635e-05
6,883 PilotScope: Steering Databases with Machine Learning Drivers 2024 VLDB 4.8918682e-05
6,901 Disclosure-Compliant Query Answering 2024 SIGMOD 4.8878659e-05
6,967 LpBound: Pessimistic Cardinality Estimation using ℓp-Norms of Degree Sequences 2025 SIGMOD 4.875312e-05
7,009 Is Your Learned Query Optimizer Behaving As You Expect? A Machine Learning Perspective 2024 VLDB 4.8597992e-05
7,118 ASM: Harmonizing Autoregressive Model, Sampling, and Multi-dimensional Statistics Merging for Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 4.8204951e-05
7,188 LPLM: A Neural Language Model for Cardinality Estimation of LIKE-Queries 2024 SIGMOD 4.8017628e-05
7,220 Speeding Up End-to-end Query Execution via Learning-based Progressive Cardinality Estimation 2023 SIGMOD 4.7926382e-05
7,337 Join Size Bounds using l_p-Norms on Degree Sequences 2024 PODS 4.7532633e-05
7,887 SQLStorm: Taking Database Benchmarking into the LLM Era 2025 VLDB 4.6218382e-05
7,994 Blueprinting the Cloud: Unifying and Automatically Optimizing Cloud Data Infrastructures with BRAD 2024 VLDB 4.607322e-05
8,035 Instance-Optimal Acyclic Join Processing Without Regret: Engineering the Yannakakis Algorithm in Column Stores 2025 VLDB 4.5967078e-05
8,440 PARQO: Penalty-Aware Robust Plan Selection in Query Optimization 2024 VLDB 4.505741e-05
8,695 Convolution and Cross-Correlation of Count Sketches Enables Fast Cardinality Estimation of Multi-Join Queries 2024 SIGMOD 4.461508e-05
8,834 ByteCard: Enhancing ByteDance’s Data Warehouse with Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 4.4351469e-05
9,215 PACE: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 4.3679174e-05
9,628 Approximate Sketches 2024 SIGMOD 4.3102157e-05
9,690 Selectivity Estimation for Queries Containing Predicates over Set-Valued Attributes 2023 SIGMOD 4.2994116e-05
9,727 SPACE: Cardinality Estimation for Path Queries Using Cardinality-Aware Sequence-based Learning 2025 SIGMOD 4.2901665e-05
9,746 Still Asking: How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2025 VLDB 4.2856385e-05
9,811 A Practical Theory of Generalization in Selectivity Learning 2025 VLDB 4.2742278e-05
9,824 Athena: An Effective Learning-based Framework for Query Optimizer Performance Improvement 2025 SIGMOD 4.2710095e-05
9,845 Path-centric Cardinality Estimation for Subgraph Matching 2025 VLDB 4.2680295e-05
9,877 PRICE: A Pretrained Model for Cross-Database Cardinality Estimation 2025 VLDB 4.2615675e-05
9,927 VIDEX: A Disaggregated and Extensible Virtual Index for the Cloud and AI Era 2025 VLDB 4.2470891e-05
9,930 Wred: Workload Reduction for Scalable Index Tuning 2024 SIGMOD 4.2469394e-05
9,959 An Elephant Under The Microscope: Analyzing The Interaction Of Optimizer Components In PostgreSQL 2025 SIGMOD 4.2254157e-05
10,047 AgentTune: An Agent-Based Large Language Model Framework for Database Knob Tuning 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,050 APQO: An Adaptive Framework for Parametric Query Optimization 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,125 Understanding and Detecting Query Performance Regression in Practical Index Tuning: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,129 WoW: A Window-to-Window Incremental Index for Range-Filtering Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,149 CorrBound: Cardinality Estimation Accounting for Inter- and Intra-relation Correlations 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,156 Divo: Learning a Stable and Effective Query Optimizer with a Diverse Workload 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,203 Reqo: A Comprehensive Learning-Based Cost Model for Robust and Explainable Query Optimization 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,216 The Case For Language Model Approximated LIKE Predicate 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 35 of 35 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0040465394
71 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00059446482
141 Selectivity Estimation Without the Attribute Value Independence Assumption 1997 VLDB 0.00041819767
181 LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer 2001 VLDB 0.00036970794
203 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00034868567
373 Selectivity Estimation using Probabilistic Models 2001 SIGMOD 0.00025354685
512 STHoles: A Multidimensional Workload-Aware Histogram 2001 SIGMOD 0.00021385343
606 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00019251186
627 Preventing Bad Plans by Bounding the Impact of Cardinality Estimation Errors 2009 VLDB 0.00018959896
752 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.00017138049
804 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.0001643674
838 Independence is Good: Dependency-Based Histogram Synopses for High-Dimensional Data 2001 SIGMOD 0.00016024923
905 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00015423174
941 Wander Join: Online Aggregation via Random Walks 2016 SIGMOD 0.00015147831
995 Approximating Multi-Dimensional Aggregate Range Queries Over Real Attributes 2000 SIGMOD 0.00014745185
1,104 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.0001398479
1,239 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00013091459
1,372 Random Sampling over Joins Revisited 2018 SIGMOD 0.0001233325
1,536 Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions 2011 VLDB 0.00011458359
1,699 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00010848882
2,080 Towards a Learning Optimizer for Shared Clouds 2019 VLDB 9.5954034e-05
2,143 Pessimistic Cardinality Estimation: Tighter Upper Bounds for Intermediate Join Cardinalities 2019 SIGMOD 9.4437798e-05
2,167 Self-Tuning, GPU-Accelerated Kernel Density Models for Multidimensional Selectivity Estimation 2015 SIGMOD 9.3879598e-05
2,364 Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries 2020 SIGMOD 8.955077e-05
2,769 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 8.1512848e-05
2,781 Flow-Loss: Learning Cardinality Estimates That Matter 2021 VLDB 8.1282042e-05
2,971 Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models 2017 VLDB 7.7935535e-05
3,644 G-CARE: A Framework for Performance Benchmarking of Cardinality Estimation Techniques for Subgraph Matching 2020 SIGMOD 6.8842065e-05
3,924 A Unified Deep Model of Learning from both Data and Queries for Cardinality Estimation 2021 SIGMOD 6.6227223e-05
3,943 Exact Cardinality Query Optimization for Optimizer Testing 2009 VLDB 6.6067351e-05
4,352 Astrid: Accurate Selectivity Estimation for String Predicates using Deep Learning 2021 VLDB 6.2542257e-05
5,128 Efficient Join Synopsis Maintenance for Data Warehouse 2020 SIGMOD 5.6728511e-05
5,696 Exact Cardinality Query Optimization with Bounded Execution Cost 2019 SIGMOD 5.367449e-05
6,774 A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS 2022 CIDR 4.9253635e-05
8,423 SPRINTER: A Fast n-ary Join Query Processing Method for Complex OLAP Queries 2020 SIGMOD 4.5112315e-05
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