Database Paper Browser

Back to papers

Learned Cardinality Estimation: A Design Space Exploration and A Comparative Evaluation

Summary: Design space exploration and evaluation of learned cardinality estimators. Learned estimators better model joint distributions across multi-column predicates and joins than histograms or sampling, guiding practitioners on method choice. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
12955
Venue
VLDB
Year
2022
Pagerank
7.0824319e-05
Overall Rank
3,449 | 76.01%
DOI
10.14778/3485450.3485459

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 35 of 35 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
3,248 A Learned Query Rewrite System using Monte Carlo Tree Search 2022 VLDB 7.3258782e-05
3,727 Cost-based or Learning-based? A Hybrid Query Optimizer for Query Plan Selection 2022 VLDB 6.8141709e-05
4,543 FACE: A Normalizing Flow based Cardinality Estimator 2022 VLDB 6.1011198e-05
5,074 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB 5.7175726e-05
5,401 ALECE: An Attention-based Learned Cardinality Estimator for SPJ Queries on Dynamic Workloads 2024 VLDB 5.5285035e-05
5,423 Kepler: Robust Learning for Faster Parametric Query Optimization 2023 SIGMOD 5.5130233e-05
5,640 AutoSteer: Learned Query Optimization for Any SQL Database 2023 VLDB 5.3933314e-05
6,328 A Comparative Study and Component Analysis of Query Plan Representation Techniques in ML4DB Studies 2024 VLDB 5.1082882e-05
6,685 How Good are Learned Cost Models, Really? Insights from Query Optimization Tasks 2025 SIGMOD 4.9627485e-05
6,714 Cardinality Estimation over Knowledge Graphs with Embeddings and Graph Neural Networks 2024 SIGMOD 4.9512171e-05
6,750 Breaking It Down: An In-depth Study of Index Advisors 2024 VLDB 4.9392771e-05
6,885 PilotScope: Steering Databases with Machine Learning Drivers 2024 VLDB 4.895386e-05
7,221 Speeding Up End-to-end Query Execution via Learning-based Progressive Cardinality Estimation 2023 SIGMOD 4.797194e-05
7,543 Cloud Databases: New Techniques, Challenges, and Opportunities 2022 VLDB 4.715241e-05
7,854 dbET: Execution Time Distribution-based Plan Selection 2023 SIGMOD 4.6350172e-05
8,020 The Holon Approach for Simultaneously Tuning Multiple Components in a Self-Driving Database Management System with Machine Learning via Synthesized Proto-Actions 2024 VLDB 4.6040862e-05
8,103 Grep: A Graph Learning Based Database Partitioning System 2023 SIGMOD 4.5852201e-05
8,834 ByteCard: Enhancing ByteDance’s Data Warehouse with Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 4.4394021e-05
8,948 One Seed, Two Birds: A Unified Learned Structure for Exact and Approximate Counting 2024 SIGMOD 4.423786e-05
9,213 PACE: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 4.3721075e-05
9,345 LIMAO: A Framework for Lifelong Modular Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.3536343e-05
9,388 CEDA: Learned Cardinality Estimation with Domain Adaptation 2023 VLDB 4.3443083e-05
9,485 Spatial Query Optimization With Learning 2024 VLDB 4.3341665e-05
9,621 ShadowAQP: Efficient Approximate Group-by and Join Query via Attribute-oriented Sample Size Allocation and Data Generation 2023 VLDB 4.3167167e-05
9,662 Efficient Query Re-optimization with Judicious Subquery Selections 2023 SIGMOD 4.3097631e-05
9,845 Path-centric Cardinality Estimation for Subgraph Matching 2025 VLDB 4.2721228e-05
9,878 PRICE: A Pretrained Model for Cross-Database Cardinality Estimation 2025 VLDB 4.2656547e-05
9,960 An Elephant Under The Microscope: Analyzing The Interaction Of Optimizer Components In PostgreSQL 2025 SIGMOD 4.2294678e-05
10,314 Index Intersection for High-Dimensional Range Queries 2026 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,630 Conformal Prediction for Verifiable Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,699 The Accuracy of Cardinality Estimators: Unraveling the Evaluation Result Conundrum 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,868 LEAP: A Low-cost Spark SQL Query Optimizer using Pairwise Comparison 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,880 RankPQO: Learning-to-Rank for Parametric Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
11,084 Presto’s History-based Query Optimizer 2024 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
11,190 Efficient and Effective Cardinality Estimation for Skyline Family 2023 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
Previous Page 1 / 1 Next

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 24 of 24 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
71 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00059038975
92 Practical Selectivity Estimation through Adaptive Sampling 1990 SIGMOD 0.00051315959
204 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00034784455
325 The History of Histograms (abridged) 2003 VLDB 0.00027378328
372 Selectivity Estimation using Probabilistic Models 2001 SIGMOD 0.00025354779
608 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00019235898
629 Preventing Bad Plans by Bounding the Impact of Cardinality Estimation Errors 2009 VLDB 0.00018942366
758 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.0001706608
806 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.00016434274
910 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00015423056
1,105 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.00013990395
1,254 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00013027411
1,369 Random Sampling over Joins Revisited 2018 SIGMOD 0.00012339777
1,547 Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions 2011 VLDB 0.00011442359
1,703 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00010836769
1,737 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010720294
1,758 Sampling-Based Query Re-Optimization 2016 SIGMOD 0.00010655546
2,165 Self-Tuning, GPU-Accelerated Kernel Density Models for Multidimensional Selectivity Estimation 2015 SIGMOD 9.389622e-05
2,364 Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries 2020 SIGMOD 8.9554751e-05
2,969 Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models 2017 VLDB 7.7974762e-05
3,473 AI Meets Database: AI4DB and DB4AI 2021 SIGMOD 7.062864e-05
3,580 Query Performance Prediction for Concurrent Queries using Graph Embedding 2020 VLDB 6.9500996e-05
4,152 openGauss: An Autonomous Database System 2021 VLDB 6.4060406e-05
5,861 Machine Learning for Databases 2021 VLDB 5.298883e-05
Previous Page 1 / 1 Next

Semantically Similar Papers

Overall Rank Paper Year Venue Pagerank
806 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.00016434274
2,364 Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries 2020 SIGMOD 8.9554751e-05
5,469 Learned Cardinality Estimation for Similarity Queries 2021 SIGMOD 5.4898192e-05
7,221 Speeding Up End-to-end Query Execution via Learning-based Progressive Cardinality Estimation 2023 SIGMOD 4.797194e-05
1,638 Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation 2022 VLDB 0.00011049779
9,726 Cardinality Estimation of LIKE Predicate Queries using Deep Learning 2025 SIGMOD 4.2943379e-05
204 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00034784455
6,383 Sample-Efficient Cardinality Estimation Using Geometric Deep Learning 2024 VLDB 5.0884322e-05
3,266 Learned Cardinality Estimation: An In-depth Study 2022 SIGMOD 7.3074684e-05
1,703 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00010836769