Frequency-revealing attacks against Frequency-hiding Order-preserving Encryption
Summary: All existing FH-OPE schemes leak plaintext frequency and succumb to three ciphertext-only "frequency-revealing" attacks recovering >90% of frequencies on real datasets. Blame non-uniform ciphertext distributions and ignored insertion-order leakage, enabling downstream inference that breaks FH-OPE. (summarized by gpt-5-mini on Feb 09 2026)
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Authors
- 1. Xinle Cao (Zhejiang University)
- 2. Jian Liu (Zhejiang University)
- 3. Yongsheng Shen (Hang Zhou City Brain Co., Ltd)
- 4. Xiaohua Ye (Hang Zhou City Brain Co., Ltd)
- 5. Kui Ren (Zhejiang University)
BibTeX Citation
@article{cao_vldb23,
title = {{Frequency-revealing attacks against Frequency-hiding Order-preserving Encryption}},
author = {Cao, Xinle and Liu, Jian and Shen, Yongsheng and Ye, Xiaohua and Ren, Kui},
journal = {PVLDB},
series = {{VLDB} '23},
volume = {16},
number = {11},
pages = {3124--3136},
doi = {10.14778/3611479.3611513},
url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3611479.3611513},
year = {2023}
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 7 of 7 cited papers.
Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.
| Rank | Cited Paper | Year | Venue | Pagerank |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 412 | Processing Analytical Queries over Encrypted Data | 2013 | VLDB | 0.00018901853 |
| 876 | Orthogonal Security With Cipherbase | 2013 | CIDR | 0.00013467554 |
| 1,674 | The Tao of Inference in Privacy-Protected Databases | 2018 | VLDB | 0.00010037562 |
| 3,293 | Modular Order-Preserving Encryption, Revisited | 2015 | SIGMOD | 7.5517336e-05 |
| 5,128 | A Comparative Evaluation of Order-Revealing Encryption Schemes and Secure Range-Query Protocols | 2019 | VLDB | 6.355964e-05 |
| 7,723 | Frequency-Hiding Order-Preserving Encryption with Small Client Storage | 2021 | VLDB | 5.5585313e-05 |
| 8,742 | Practical and Secure Substring Search | 2018 | SIGMOD | 5.3766157e-05 |
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