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K2: On Optimizing Distributed Transactions in a Multi-region Data Store with TrueTime Clocks
Summary: K2 is a multi-region data store that co-designs TrueTime semantics across three pillars: a scalable low‑uncertainty timestamp generator, multi-version timestamp-ordered concurrency control for read-write transactions, and a TTC-based visibility protocol for efficient replica reads. Compared to Spanner/other geo-transaction protocols, K2 achieves ~10× higher throughput and lower visibility delay at asynchronous replicas.
(summarized by gpt-5-mini on Feb 09 2026)
- Paper ID
- 13836
- Venue
- VLDB
- Year
- 2025
- Pagerank
- 4.1905499e-05
- Overall Rank
- 10,583 | 26.45%
- DOI
-
10.14778/3725688.3725704
Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time
No non-self incoming citations found for this paper in this database.
Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 0 of 0 citing papers.
| Rank |
Citing Paper |
Year |
Venue |
Pagerank |
Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 18 of 18 cited papers.
Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.
| Rank |
Cited Paper |
Year |
Venue |
Pagerank |
| 122 |
Calvin: Fast Distributed Transactions for Partitioned Database Systems |
2012 |
SIGMOD |
0.0004532783 |
| 363 |
CockroachDB: The Resilient Geo-Distributed SQL Database |
2020 |
SIGMOD |
0.00025750338 |
| 486 |
TiDB: A Raft-based HTAP Database |
2020 |
VLDB |
0.00022039625 |
| 1,217 |
Rethinking serializable multiversion concurrency control |
2015 |
VLDB |
0.00013228757 |
| 1,521 |
High Performance Transactions via Early Write Visibility |
2017 |
VLDB |
0.00011522701 |
| 1,958 |
TicToc: Time Traveling Optimistic Concurrency Control |
2016 |
SIGMOD |
9.9592064e-05 |
| 2,358 |
SLOG: Serializable, Low-latency, Geo-replicated Transactions |
2019 |
VLDB |
8.9675888e-05 |
| 2,370 |
Aria: A Fast and Practical Deterministic OLTP Database |
2020 |
VLDB |
8.9457118e-05 |
| 3,641 |
OceanBase: A 707 Million tpmC Distributed Relational Database System |
2022 |
VLDB |
6.8877808e-05 |
| 4,268 |
Fast General Distributed Transactions with Opacity |
2019 |
SIGMOD |
6.2976914e-05 |
| 4,348 |
Sundial: Harmonizing Concurrency Control and Caching in a Distributed OLTP Database Management System |
2018 |
VLDB |
6.2587037e-05 |
| 4,546 |
Ocean Vista: Gossip-Based Visibility Control for Speedy Geo-Distributed Transactions |
2019 |
VLDB |
6.0909987e-05 |
| 5,852 |
Detock: High Performance Multi-region Transactions at Scale |
2023 |
SIGMOD |
5.2987165e-05 |
| 6,154 |
PolarDB-IMCI: A Cloud-Native HTAP Database System at Alibaba |
2023 |
SIGMOD |
5.1795738e-05 |
| 6,246 |
Taking Omid to the Clouds: Fast, Scalable Transactions for Real-Time Cloud Analytics |
2018 |
VLDB |
5.1340013e-05 |
| 7,211 |
Caerus: Low-Latency Distributed Transactions for Geo-Replicated Systems |
2024 |
VLDB |
4.7944503e-05 |
| 7,687 |
Towards Optimal Transaction Scheduling |
2024 |
VLDB |
4.6745165e-05 |
| 9,602 |
Fast Commitment for Geo-Distributed Transactions via Decentralized Co-coordinators |
2024 |
VLDB |
4.3136057e-05 |
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