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Bifocal Sampling for Skew-Resistant Join Size Estimation

Summary: Bifocal sampling classifies tuples into sparse and dense groups and uses estimators tailored to cross-group joinings. With a sample size O(sqrt(n) log n), it achieves high-probability constant-factor accuracy for Omega(n/log n) joins, skew-resistant. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
2891
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
1996
Pagerank
0.00020272747
Overall Rank
553 | 96.16%
DOI
-

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 28 of 28 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
18 On Random Sampling over Joins 1999 SIGMOD 0.00092569117
212 Join Synopses for Approximate Query Answering 1999 SIGMOD 0.00033997204
430 Approximate Query Processing: Taming the TeraBytes! A Tutorial 2001 VLDB 0.00023406426
481 Mining Database Structure; Or, How to Build a Data Quality Browser 2002 SIGMOD 0.000221538
550 Tracking Join and Self-Join Sizes in Limited Storage 1999 PODS 0.00020346247
778 Spectral Bloom Filters 2003 SIGMOD 0.00016729191
1,104 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.0001398479
1,194 Join Size Estimation Subject to Filter Conditions 2015 VLDB 0.00013411666
1,372 Random Sampling over Joins Revisited 2018 SIGMOD 0.0001233325
1,586 Augmented Sketch: Faster and More Accurate Stream Processing 2016 SIGMOD 0.00011245213
1,691 Combining Histograms and Parametric Curve Fitting for Feedback-Driven Query Result-Size Estimation 1999 VLDB 0.00010890775
2,254 Two-Level Sampling for Join Size Estimation 2017 SIGMOD 9.1871115e-05
2,377 Online Maintenance of Very Large Random Samples 2004 SIGMOD 8.9359321e-05
2,971 Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models 2017 VLDB 7.7935535e-05
3,597 Graph-Based Synopses for Relational Selectivity Estimation 2006 SIGMOD 6.9337747e-05
3,827 Correlation Sketches for Approximate Join-Correlation Queries 2021 SIGMOD 6.7195959e-05
4,100 A Bi-Level Bernoulli Scheme for Database Sampling 2004 SIGMOD 6.4473679e-05
4,244 A Disk-Based Join With Probabilistic Guarantees* 2005 SIGMOD 6.3228453e-05
4,432 Sampling Dirty Data for Matching Attributes 2010 SIGMOD 6.1858589e-05
5,222 Similarity Join Size Estimation using Locality Sensitive Hashing 2011 VLDB 5.6180462e-05
6,543 Query Sampling in DB2 Universal Database 2004 SIGMOD 5.0139217e-05
7,340 Weighted Distinct Sampling: Cardinality Estimation for SPJ Queries 2021 SIGMOD 4.7526052e-05
7,833 Containment Join Size Estimation: Models and Methods 2003 SIGMOD 4.6367487e-05
9,079 JoinSketch: A Sketch Algorithm for Accurate and Unbiased Inner-Product Estimation 2023 SIGMOD 4.3956812e-05
9,230 Panakos: Chasing the Tails for Multidimensional Data Streams 2023 VLDB 4.3650857e-05
10,039 VecFlow: A High-Performance Vector Data Management System for Filtered-Search on GPUs 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,149 CorrBound: Cardinality Estimation Accounting for Inter- and Intra-relation Correlations 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,984 Enabling Adaptive Sampling for Intra-Window Join: Simultaneously Optimizing Quantity and Quality 2024 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 10 of 10 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
37 Statistical Estimators for Relational Algebra Expressions 1988 PODS 0.00075597514
60 Sampling-Based Estimation of the Number of Distinct Values of an Attribute 1995 VLDB 0.00064450997
92 Practical Selectivity Estimation through Adaptive Sampling 1990 SIGMOD 0.00051431888
133 Processing Aggregate Relational Queries with Hard Time Constraints 1989 SIGMOD 0.00043220055
291 Error-Constrained COUNT Query Evaluation in Relational Databases 1991 SIGMOD 0.00028778973
369 Sequential Sampling Procedures For Query Size Estimation 1992 SIGMOD 0.00025502381
751 Query Size Estimation by Adaptive Sampling (Extended Abstract) 1990 PODS 0.00017155121
803 On the Relative Cost of Sampling for Join Selectivity Estimation 1994 PODS 0.00016438972
897 Estimating the Size of Generalized Transitive Closures 1989 VLDB 0.00015484372
1,254 Fixed-Precision Estimation of Join Selectivity 1993 PODS 0.00013018797
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Overall Rank Paper Year Venue Pagerank
92 Practical Selectivity Estimation through Adaptive Sampling 1990 SIGMOD 0.00051431888
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751 Query Size Estimation by Adaptive Sampling (Extended Abstract) 1990 PODS 0.00017155121
1,019 An Instant and Accurate Size Estimation Method for Joins and Selection in a Retrieval-Intensive Environment 1993 SIGMOD 0.00014623543
803 On the Relative Cost of Sampling for Join Selectivity Estimation 1994 PODS 0.00016438972
1,254 Fixed-Precision Estimation of Join Selectivity 1993 PODS 0.00013018797
11,449 Index-Based Join Size Estimation Using Adaptive Sampling 2021 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
550 Tracking Join and Self-Join Sizes in Limited Storage 1999 PODS 0.00020346247
1,194 Join Size Estimation Subject to Filter Conditions 2015 VLDB 0.00013411666
2,254 Two-Level Sampling for Join Size Estimation 2017 SIGMOD 9.1871115e-05