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LOF: Identifying Density-Based Local Outliers

Summary: Introduces Local Outlier Factor (LOF), a density-based, local, continuous score for how isolated an object is relative to its neighborhood. Formal analysis shows key properties; experiments on real data show LOF detects meaningful outliers missed by binary methods and remains practical. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
3177
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2000
Pagerank
0.00040135453
Overall Rank
159 | 98.90%
DOI
-

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

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Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 60 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
675 Quality and Efficiency in High Dimensional Nearest Neighbor Search 2009 SIGMOD 0.00018304179
697 Efficient Algorithms for Mining Outliers from Large Data Sets 2000 SIGMOD 0.00017964755
1,253 Anomaly Detection in Time Series: A Comprehensive Evaluation 2022 VLDB 0.00013019488
1,640 Exathlon: A Benchmark for Explainable Anomaly Detection over Time Series 2021 VLDB 0.00011048873
1,927 Efficient Processing of k Nearest Neighbor Joins using MapReduce 2012 VLDB 0.00010062395
2,032 SAND: Streaming Subsequence Anomaly Detection 2021 VLDB 9.7320795e-05
2,161 Uni-Detect: A Unified Approach to Automated Error Detection in Tables 2019 SIGMOD 9.4029915e-05
2,381 TSB-UAD: An End-to-End Benchmark Suite for Univariate Time-Series Anomaly Detection 2022 VLDB 8.9241557e-05
2,507 Auto-Detect: Data-Driven Error Detection in Tables 2018 SIGMOD 8.6254741e-05
2,635 Online Outlier Detection in Sensor Data Using Non-Parametric Models 2006 VLDB 8.4081184e-05
2,646 Series2Graph: Graph-based Subsequence Anomaly Detection for Time Series 2020 VLDB 8.3751681e-05
3,176 Interactive Outlier Exploration in Big Data Streams 2014 VLDB 7.4380543e-05
3,946 Volume Under the Surface: A New Accuracy Evaluation Measure for Time-Series Anomaly Detection 2022 VLDB 6.6036232e-05
4,082 Choose Wisely: An Extensive Evaluation of Model Selection for Anomaly Detection in Time Series 2023 VLDB 6.4601453e-05
4,417 Scalable Kernel Density Classification via Threshold-Based Pruning 2017 SIGMOD 6.1962309e-05
4,455 AutoOD: Automatic Outlier Detection 2023 SIGMOD 6.1644904e-05
4,549 Outlier Detection for High Dimensional Data 2001 SIGMOD 6.0866685e-05
4,553 A Demonstration of AutoOD: A Self-Tuning Anomaly Detection System 2022 VLDB 6.0852762e-05
4,749 ODIN: Automated Drift Detection and Recovery in Video Analytics 2020 VLDB 5.9428569e-05
4,762 METER: A Dynamic Concept Adaptation Framework for Online Anomaly Detection 2024 VLDB 5.9338398e-05
4,854 Debunking Four Long-Standing Misconceptions of Time-Series Distance Measures 2020 SIGMOD 5.8707943e-05
4,870 DBPA: A Benchmark for Transactional Database Performance Anomalies 2023 SIGMOD 5.8583776e-05
5,479 Unsupervised Time Series Outlier Detection with Diversity-Driven Convolutional Ensembles 2022 VLDB 5.4849266e-05
5,646 GORDER: An Efficient Method for KNN Join Processing 2004 VLDB 5.3924438e-05
5,768 Outlier-robust Clustering using Independent Components 2008 SIGMOD 5.3332593e-05
5,785 ImDiffusion: Imputed Diffusion Models for Multivariate Time Series Anomaly Detection 2024 VLDB 5.3257637e-05
5,986 Streaming Anomaly Detection Using Randomized Matrix Sketching 2016 VLDB 5.2399259e-05
6,111 Continuously Adaptive Similarity Search 2020 SIGMOD 5.2016636e-05
6,115 GraphAn: Graph-based Subsequence Anomaly Detection 2020 VLDB 5.1995458e-05
6,390 Pluto: Sample Selection for Robust Anomaly Detection on Polluted Log Data 2024 SIGMOD 5.0780429e-05
6,419 AutoTSAD: Unsupervised Holistic Anomaly Detection for Time Series Data 2024 VLDB 5.0621949e-05
7,221 Akane: Perplexity-Guided Time Series Data Cleaning 2024 SIGMOD 4.7919849e-05
7,370 Benchmarking the Utility of w-event Differential Privacy Mechanisms - When Baselines Become Mighty Competitors 2023 VLDB 4.7451678e-05
7,580 Human-in-the-loop Outlier Detection 2020 SIGMOD 4.7023767e-05
8,085 A New Distributional Treatment for Time Series and An Anomaly Detection Investigation 2022 VLDB 4.5859461e-05
8,161 TOD: GPU-accelerated Outlier Detection via Tensor Operations 2023 VLDB 4.5688249e-05
8,383 Consistent and Flexible Selectivity Estimation for High-Dimensional Data 2021 SIGMOD 4.5261239e-05
8,702 Multiple Dynamic Outlier-Detection from a Data Stream by Exploiting Duality of Data and Queries 2021 SIGMOD 4.4596411e-05
9,426 Local Search Methods for k-Means with Outliers 2017 VLDB 4.3399748e-05
9,696 PCOR: Private Contextual Outlier Release via Differentially Private Search 2021 SIGMOD 4.2981069e-05
9,708 Outlier Summarization via Human Interpretable Rules 2024 VLDB 4.2951473e-05
9,790 Distance-Based Outlier Detection: Consolidation and Renewed Bearing 2010 VLDB 4.2782534e-05
10,019 Guardrail: Automated Integrity Constraint Synthesis From Noisy Data 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,029 Outliers: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,140 Analyzing Deviations from Monotonic Trends through Database Repair 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,211 SHoTClean: Bridging Soft and Hard Constraints for Multivariate Time Series Cleaning 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,280 FB*: A Compact Index for Efficient and Exact Density-based Clustering 2026 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,343 MS-Index: Fast Top-k Subsequence Search for Multivariate Time Series under Euclidean Distance 2026 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,476 A Structured Study of Multivariate Time-Series Distance Measures 2025 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,521 Auto-Test: Learning Semantic-Domain Constraints for Unsupervised Error Detection in Tables 2025 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 11 of 11 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
27 Efficient and Effective Clustering Methods for Spatial Data Mining 1994 VLDB 0.00080846213
33 BIRCH: An Efficient Data Clustering Method for Very Large Databases 1996 SIGMOD 0.00077399244
78 A Quantitative Analysis and Performance Study for Similarity-Search Methods in High-Dimensional Spaces 1998 VLDB 0.00056385781
129 The X-tree: An Index Structure for High-Dimensional Data 1996 VLDB 0.00044255276
263 OPTICS: Ordering Points To Identify the Clustering Structure 1999 SIGMOD 0.00029955858
277 Automatic Subspace Clustering of High Dimensional Data for Data Mining Applications 1998 SIGMOD 0.00029356968
697 Efficient Algorithms for Mining Outliers from Large Data Sets 2000 SIGMOD 0.00017964755
768 Algorithms for Mining Distance-Based Outliers in Large Datasets 1998 VLDB 0.00016864875
1,083 STING : A Statistical Information Grid Approach to Spatial Data Mining 1997 VLDB 0.00014181803
1,523 WaveCluster: A Multi-Resolution Clustering Approach for Very Large Spatial Databases 1998 VLDB 0.00011515189
2,826 Finding Intensional Knowledge of Distance-Based Outliers 1999 VLDB 8.0562807e-05
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Semantically Similar Papers

Overall Rank Paper Year Venue Pagerank
697 Efficient Algorithms for Mining Outliers from Large Data Sets 2000 SIGMOD 0.00017964755
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2,635 Online Outlier Detection in Sensor Data Using Non-Parametric Models 2006 VLDB 8.4081184e-05
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3,921 Continuous Outlier Detection in Data Streams: An Extensible Framework and State-Of-The-Art Algorithms 2013 SIGMOD 6.6245531e-05
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4,549 Outlier Detection for High Dimensional Data 2001 SIGMOD 6.0866685e-05
768 Algorithms for Mining Distance-Based Outliers in Large Datasets 1998 VLDB 0.00016864875
9,790 Distance-Based Outlier Detection: Consolidation and Renewed Bearing 2010 VLDB 4.2782534e-05