SQL Ledger: Cryptographically Verifiable Data in Azure SQL Database
Summary: SQL Ledger cryptographically verifies Azure SQL data by maintaining history and recording SHA256 digests in a ledger. Forward integrity with externally extractable state enables audits while preserving SQL querying and performance; no app changes needed. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)
Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time
Authors
- 1. Panagiotis Antonopoulos (Microsoft)
- 2. Raghav Kaushik (Microsoft)
- 3. Hanuma Kodavalla (Microsoft)
- 4. Sergio Rosales Aceves (Microsoft)
- 5. Reilly Wong (Microsoft)
- 6. Jason Anderson (Microsoft)
- 7. Jakub Szymaszek (Microsoft)
BibTeX Citation
@inproceedings{antonopoulos_sigmod21,
title = {{SQL Ledger: Cryptographically Verifiable Data in Azure SQL Database}},
author = {Antonopoulos, Panagiotis and Kaushik, Raghav and Kodavalla, Hanuma and Aceves, Sergio Rosales and Wong, Reilly and Anderson, Jason and Szymaszek, Jakub},
series = {{SIGMOD} '21},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
doi = {10.1145/3448016.3457558},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3448016.3457558},
year = {2021}
}Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 8 of 8 citing papers.
| Rank | Citing Paper | Year | Venue | Pagerank |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7,100 | GlassDB: An Efficient Verifiable Ledger Database System Through Transparency | 2023 | VLDB | 5.7037528e-05 |
| 7,812 | LETUS: A Log-Structured Efficient Trusted Universal BlockChain Storage | 2024 | SIGMOD | 5.5393291e-05 |
| 8,683 | VeriBench: Analyzing the Performance of Database Systems with Verifiability | 2023 | VLDB | 5.3854006e-05 |
| 8,730 | SecuDB: An In-enclave Privacy-preserving and Tamper-resistant Relational Database | 2024 | VLDB | 5.3766157e-05 |
| 8,735 | VeDB: A Software and Hardware Enabled Trusted Relational Database | 2023 | SIGMOD | 5.3766157e-05 |
| 9,896 | VeriTxn: Verifiable Transactions for Cloud-Native Databases with Storage Disaggregation | 2023 | SIGMOD | 5.1997534e-05 |
| 10,988 | Pistis: A Decentralized Knowledge Graph Platform Enabling Ownership-Preserving SPARQL Querying | 2025 | VLDB | 5.093636e-05 |
| 11,231 | Accelerating Merkle Patricia Trie with GPU | 2024 | VLDB | 5.093636e-05 |
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 4 of 4 cited papers.
Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.
| Rank | Cited Paper | Year | Venue | Pagerank |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 437 | Dynamic Authenticated Index Structures for Outsourced Databases | 2006 | SIGMOD | 0.00018489863 |
| 604 | Socrates: The New SQL Server in the Cloud | 2019 | SIGMOD | 0.0001584774 |
| 617 | Verifying Completeness of Relational Query Results in Data Publishing | 2005 | SIGMOD | 0.00015711988 |
| 2,071 | Concerto: A High Concurrency Key-Value Store with Integrity | 2017 | SIGMOD | 9.2263103e-05 |
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Semantically Similar Papers
| # | Overall Rank | Paper | Year | Venue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6,010 | ZKSQL: Verifiable and Efficient Query Evaluation with Zero-Knowledge Proofs | 2023 | VLDB |
| 2 | 11,557 | LedgerView: Access-Control Views on Hyperledger Fabric | 2022 | SIGMOD |
| 3 | 2,924 | Constant Time Recovery in Azure SQL Database | 2019 | VLDB |
| 4 | 1,724 | CorrectDB: SQL Engine with Practical Query Authentication | 2013 | VLDB |
| 5 | 7,100 | GlassDB: An Efficient Verifiable Ledger Database System Through Transparency | 2023 | VLDB |
| 6 | 9,896 | VeriTxn: Verifiable Transactions for Cloud-Native Databases with Storage Disaggregation | 2023 | SIGMOD |
| 7 | 8,683 | VeriBench: Analyzing the Performance of Database Systems with Verifiability | 2023 | VLDB |
| 8 | 1,424 | Azure SQL Database Always Encrypted | 2020 | SIGMOD |
| 9 | 8,735 | VeDB: A Software and Hardware Enabled Trusted Relational Database | 2023 | SIGMOD |
| 10 | 2,803 | LedgerDB: A Centralized Ledger Database for Universal Audit and Verification | 2020 | VLDB |