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The RLR-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based R-Tree for Spatial Data
Summary: RLR-Tree uses reinforcement learning to guide subtree selection and node splitting in an R-Tree, without changing its structure. The learned rules beat classical heuristics on 100M objects, reducing query times while preserving R-Tree compatibility.
(summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)
- Paper ID
- 6566
- Venue
- SIGMOD
- Year
- 2023
- Pagerank
- 5.4277273e-05
- Overall Rank
- 5,572 | 61.24%
- DOI
-
10.1145/3588917
Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time
Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 18 of 18 citing papers.
| Rank |
Citing Paper |
Year |
Venue |
Pagerank |
| 6,984 |
Replicated Layout for In-Memory Database Systems |
2022 |
VLDB |
4.873081e-05 |
| 7,042 |
LMSFC: A Novel Multidimensional Index based on Learned Monotonic Space Filling Curves |
2023 |
VLDB |
4.8541986e-05 |
| 8,009 |
CAMAL: Optimizing LSM-trees via Active Learning |
2024 |
SIGMOD |
4.6066863e-05 |
| 8,020 |
The Holon Approach for Simultaneously Tuning Multiple Components in a Self-Driving Database Management System with Machine Learning via Synthesized Proto-Actions |
2024 |
VLDB |
4.6040862e-05 |
| 8,405 |
Towards Designing and Learning Piecewise Space-Filling Curves |
2023 |
VLDB |
4.5224126e-05 |
| 8,636 |
WISK: A Workload-aware Learned Index for Spatial Keyword Queries |
2023 |
SIGMOD |
4.4801284e-05 |
| 9,485 |
Spatial Query Optimization With Learning |
2024 |
VLDB |
4.3341665e-05 |
| 9,605 |
Waffle: In-memory Grid Index for Moving Objects with Reinforcement Learning-based Configuration Tuning System |
2022 |
VLDB |
4.3177432e-05 |
| 9,827 |
PLATON: Top-down R-tree Packing with Learned Partition Policy |
2023 |
SIGMOD |
4.2751057e-05 |
| 10,087 |
High Performance or Low Memory? An Updatable Learned Index Framework for Time-Space Tradeoff |
2026 |
SIGMOD |
4.1945683e-05 |
| 10,180 |
LM-Tree: A Hybrid Learned Index for Similarity Search in Metric Spaces |
2026 |
SIGMOD |
4.1945683e-05 |
| 10,217 |
This is Going to Sound Crazy, But What If We Used Large Language Models to Boost Automatic Database Tuning Algorithms By Leveraging Prior History? We Will Find Better Configurations More Quickly Than Retraining From Scratch! |
2026 |
SIGMOD |
4.1945683e-05 |
| 10,312 |
A Workload-Aware Encrypted Index for Efficient Privacy-Preserving Range Queries |
2026 |
VLDB |
4.1945683e-05 |
| 10,382 |
MAST: Towards Efficient Analytical Query Processing on Point Cloud Data |
2025 |
SIGMOD |
4.1945683e-05 |
| 10,507 |
SwiftSpatial: Spatial Joins on Modern Hardware |
2025 |
SIGMOD |
4.1945683e-05 |
| 10,621 |
BLAEQ: A Multigrid Index for Spatial Query on Geometry Data |
2025 |
VLDB |
4.1945683e-05 |
| 10,980 |
BT-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based Index for Big Trajectory Data |
2024 |
SIGMOD |
4.1945683e-05 |
| 10,988 |
Finding Logic Bugs in Spatial Database Engines via Affine Equivalent Inputs |
2024 |
SIGMOD |
4.1945683e-05 |
Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 23 of 23 cited papers.
Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.
| Rank |
Cited Paper |
Year |
Venue |
Pagerank |
| 2 |
R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure For Spatial Searching |
1984 |
SIGMOD |
0.0032169493 |
| 6 |
The R*-tree: An Efficient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles |
1990 |
SIGMOD |
0.0016162015 |
| 24 |
The R+-Tree: A Dynamic Index For Multi-Dimensional Objects |
1987 |
VLDB |
0.00083378538 |
| 47 |
Nearest Neighbor Queries |
1995 |
SIGMOD |
0.0007015885 |
| 56 |
Direct Spatial Search on Pictorial Databases Using Packed R-trees |
1985 |
SIGMOD |
0.00065631356 |
| 76 |
Spatial Query Processing in an Object-Oriented Database System |
1986 |
SIGMOD |
0.00057303551 |
| 102 |
The Case for Learned Index Structures |
2018 |
SIGMOD |
0.00049545203 |
| 514 |
An End-to-End Automatic Cloud Database Tuning System Using Deep Reinforcement Learning |
2019 |
SIGMOD |
0.0002124895 |
| 826 |
ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index |
2020 |
SIGMOD |
0.00016224841 |
| 857 |
The PGM-index: a fully-dynamic compressed learned index with provable worst-case bounds |
2020 |
VLDB |
0.00015882892 |
| 1,249 |
Fractals for Secondary Key Retrieval |
1989 |
PODS |
0.00013044758 |
| 1,478 |
Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes |
2020 |
SIGMOD |
0.00011762542 |
| 1,611 |
Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics |
2020 |
SIGMOD |
0.00011147324 |
| 1,889 |
Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads |
2021 |
VLDB |
0.00010200865 |
| 2,115 |
LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data |
2020 |
SIGMOD |
9.5257379e-05 |
| 2,219 |
SkinnerDB: Regret-Bounded Query Evaluation via Reinforcement Learning |
2019 |
SIGMOD |
9.2623533e-05 |
| 2,485 |
Multiattribute Hashing Using Gray Codes. |
1986 |
SIGMOD |
8.6800526e-05 |
| 2,552 |
Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions |
2021 |
VLDB |
8.5530411e-05 |
| 2,678 |
Effectively Learning Spatial Indices |
2020 |
VLDB |
8.3252088e-05 |
| 3,255 |
A Revised R*-tree in Comparison with Related Index Structures |
2009 |
SIGMOD |
7.3160522e-05 |
| 5,936 |
Efficient and Effective Similar Subtrajectory Search with Deep Reinforcement Learning |
2020 |
VLDB |
5.2654071e-05 |
| 7,054 |
Theoretically Optimal and Empirically Efficient R-trees with Strong Parallelizability |
2018 |
VLDB |
4.8496866e-05 |
| 8,638 |
The Case for Distance-Bounded Spatial Approximations |
2021 |
CIDR |
4.4797417e-05 |
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