How to Grow an LSM-tree? Towards Bridging the Gap Between Theory and Practice

Summary: Vertiorizon adaptively blends vertical and horizontal LSM-tree growth to balance lookups, updates, and space. It generalizes Bentley–Saxe’s theory to optimize read-write costs, outperforming pure vertical designs and greatly reducing space compared with horizontal; RocksDB integration shows improved writes with ~6× less extra space. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 7235
Venue: SIGMOD
Year: 2025
Pagerank: 4.5390511e-05
Overall Rank: 8,333 | 42.09%
DOI: 10.1145/3725310

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 4 of 4 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
8,804	ArceKV: Towards Workload-driven LSM-compactions for Key-Value Store Under Dynamic Workloads	2026	VLDB	4.4424232e-05
10,021	Hourglass: An Adaptive Range Filter with Lightweight Hybrid Encoding	2026	SIGMOD	4.1905499e-05
10,330	Terark-DS: A High-Performance and Storage-Efficient Key-Value Separation Storage Engine on Disaggregated Storage	2026	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
10,719	DobLIX: A Dual-Objective Learned Index for Log-Structured Merge Trees	2025	VLDB	4.1905499e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 24 of 24 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
379	bLSM: A General Purpose Log Structured Merge Tree	2012	SIGMOD	0.00024954332
608	Monkey: Optimal Navigable Key-Value Store	2017	SIGMOD	0.00019233548
1,169	SuRF: Practical Range Query Filtering with Fast Succinct Tries	2018	SIGMOD	0.00013530267
1,309	Dostoevsky: Better Space-Time Trade-Offs for LSM-Tree Based Key-Value Stores via Adaptive Removal of Superfluous Merging	2018	SIGMOD	0.00012655712
1,368	SlimDB: A Space-Efficient Key-Value Storage Engine For Semi-Sorted Data	2017	VLDB	0.0001235708
1,437	AsterixDB: A Scalable, Open Source BDMS	2014	VLDB	0.00011973401
1,932	X-Engine: An Optimized Storage Engine for Large-scale E-commerce Transaction Processing	2019	SIGMOD	0.00010050776
1,957	Compaction management in distributed key-value datastores	2015	VLDB	9.961151e-05
2,112	The Log-Structured Merge-Bush & the Wacky Continuum	2019	SIGMOD	9.5244583e-05
2,606	Design Continuums and the Path Toward Self-Designing Key-Value Stores that Know and Learn	2019	CIDR	8.4621503e-05
2,797	Chucky: A Succinct Cuckoo Filter for LSM-Tree	2021	SIGMOD	8.1116755e-05
3,363	Lethe: A Tunable Delete-Aware LSM Engine	2020	SIGMOD	7.1680649e-05
3,545	Rosetta: A Robust Space-Time Optimized Range Filter for Key-Value Stores	2020	SIGMOD	6.9831585e-05
3,567	Accordion: Better Memory Organization for LSM Key-Value Stores	2018	VLDB	6.9606988e-05
3,970	Spooky: Granulating LSM-Tree Compactions Correctly	2022	VLDB	6.5756727e-05
4,227	Cosine: A Cloud-Cost Optimized Self-Designing Key-Value Storage Engine	2022	VLDB	6.3381409e-05
4,404	TreeLine: An Update-In-Place Key-Value Store for Modern Storage	2023	VLDB	6.2052645e-05
4,572	Leaper: A Learned Prefetcher for Cache Invalidation in LSM-tree based Storage Engines	2020	VLDB	6.068399e-05
4,836	Proteus: A Self-Designing Range Filter	2022	SIGMOD	5.8849277e-05
5,543	Lightweight Cardinality Estimation in LSM-based Systems	2018	SIGMOD	5.4486922e-05
5,868	GRF: A Global Range Filter for LSM-Trees with Shape Encoding	2024	SIGMOD	5.2928769e-05
5,920	Breaking Down Memory Walls: Adaptive Memory Management in LSM-based Storage Systems	2021	VLDB	5.2686888e-05
6,394	Endure: A Robust Tuning Paradigm for LSM Trees Under Workload Uncertainty	2022	VLDB	5.0770427e-05
9,069	Structural Designs Meet Optimality: Exploring Optimized LSM-tree Structures in A Colossal Configuration Space	2024	SIGMOD	4.3983078e-05

Semantically Similar Papers

Overall Rank	Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
3,797	Constructing and Analyzing the LSM Compaction Design Space	2021	VLDB	6.7552936e-05
9,069	Structural Designs Meet Optimality: Exploring Optimized LSM-tree Structures in A Colossal Configuration Space	2024	SIGMOD	4.3983078e-05
1,368	SlimDB: A Space-Efficient Key-Value Storage Engine For Semi-Sorted Data	2017	VLDB	0.0001235708
9,390	Rethinking The Compaction Policies in LSM-trees	2025	SIGMOD	4.341433e-05
7,743	Efficient Data Ingestion and Query Processing for LSM-Based Storage Systems	2019	VLDB	4.6581858e-05
7,341	LSM-Trees and B-Trees: The Best of Both Worlds	2019	SIGMOD	4.7522998e-05
11,709	Splaying Log-Structured Merge-Trees	2018	SIGMOD	4.1905499e-05
9,322	Are Joins over LSM-trees Ready? Take RocksDB as an Example	2025	VLDB	4.351469e-05
5,801	Dissecting, Designing, and Optimizing LSM-based Data Stores	2022	SIGMOD	5.3217858e-05
7,217	Breaking Down Memory Walls in LSM-based Storage Systems	2020	SIGMOD	4.7936491e-05