Constant Time Maintenance or The Triumph of the fd.

Summary: In weak instance theory the paper proves any sublinear-time maintenance algorithm must be constant-time and characterizes constraint classes admitting constant-time maintenance as those axiomatizable by embedded functional dependencies (typed → binary EGDs). Also provides recognition and maintenance algorithms for FDs plus one join dependency and connects the results to prior work on modified foreign-key constraints. (summarized by gpt-5-mini on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 772
Venue: PODS
Year: 1986
Pagerank: 5.3039672e-05
Overall Rank: 5,841 | 59.37%
DOI: -

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

1. Marc H. Graham
2. Ke Wang

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 4 of 4 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
7,979	Independence-reducible Database Schemes	1988	PODS	4.613363e-05
7,980	A Characterization of Constant-time-maintainability for BCNF Database Schemes	1988	SIGMOD	4.613363e-05
8,403	On Designing Database Schemes Bounded or Constant-time-maintainable with respect to Functional Dependencies	1987	PODS	4.5234988e-05
12,939	Can Constant-time Maintainability Be More Practical?	1989	PODS	4.1945683e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 8 of 8 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
135	Can We Use The Universal Instance Assumption Without Using Nulls?	1981	SIGMOD	0.00042421957
458	Independent Database Schemas (Extended Abstract)	1982	PODS	0.00022657396
1,196	On Computing Restricted Projections of Representative Instances	1985	PODS	0.00013403617
2,318	Efficient Query Answering in the Representative Instance Approach	1985	PODS	9.0400919e-05
2,918	Notions of Dependency Satisfaction	1982	PODS	7.9051531e-05
3,917	On The Complexity And Axiomatizability Of Consistent Database States	1984	PODS	6.6328189e-05
4,939	Updating a Relational Database through a Universal Schema Interface	1985	PODS	5.8183127e-05
8,161	A New Characterization of Independence	1983	SIGMOD	4.5725899e-05

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12,996	ON FINITE FD-ACYCLICITY (Extended Abstract)	1986	PODS	4.1945683e-05
6,603	Properties Of Database Schemata With Functional Dependencies	1984	PODS	4.9971153e-05
12,926	Efficient Updates to Independent Schemes in the Weak Instance Model	1990	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
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9,707	Towards Update-Dependent Analysis of Query Maintenance	2025	PODS	4.299267e-05
3,917	On The Complexity And Axiomatizability Of Consistent Database States	1984	PODS	6.6328189e-05
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12,939	Can Constant-time Maintainability Be More Practical?	1989	PODS	4.1945683e-05
7,980	A Characterization of Constant-time-maintainability for BCNF Database Schemes	1988	SIGMOD	4.613363e-05