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M-tree: An Efficient Access Method for Similarity Search in Metric Spaces

Summary: Proposes M-tree, a metric-space access method using distance bounds to organize data and support insertions and splits. Provides range and kNN queries; experiments show scalable, high-dimensional performance with reduced I/O and distance computations. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
8444
Venue
VLDB
Year
1997
Pagerank
0.00051785122
Overall Rank
91 | 99.37%
DOI
-

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 97 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
78 A Quantitative Analysis and Performance Study for Similarity-Search Methods in High-Dimensional Spaces 1998 VLDB 0.00056385781
155 Robust and Efficient Fuzzy Match for Online Data Cleaning 2003 SIGMOD 0.00040666376
263 OPTICS: Ordering Points To Identify the Clustering Structure 1999 SIGMOD 0.00029955858
358 On The Marriage of Lp-norms and Edit Distance 2004 VLDB 0.00026059337
597 Voronoi-Based K Nearest Neighbor Search for Spatial Network Databases 2004 VLDB 0.00019450818
798 Optimal Multi-Step k-Nearest Neighbor Search 1998 SIGMOD 0.00016484637
1,013 HD-Index: Pushing the Scalability-Accuracy Boundary for Approximate kNN Search in High-Dimensional Spaces 2018 VLDB 0.00014632051
1,749 Distributed Trajectory Similarity Search 2017 VLDB 0.00010684148
1,803 Incremental Clustering for Mining in a Data Warehousing Environment 1998 VLDB 0.00010481475
1,808 A Cost Model for Similarity Queries in Metric Spaces 1998 PODS 0.00010476269
1,859 Distance-based Outlier Detection in Data Streams 2016 VLDB 0.00010307902
2,108 LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data 2020 SIGMOD 9.5283642e-05
2,287 RaBitQ: Quantizing High-Dimensional Vectors with a Theoretical Error Bound for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2024 SIGMOD 9.1004806e-05
2,478 Identifying Similarities, Periodicities and Bursts for Online Search Queries 2004 SIGMOD 8.6866662e-05
2,489 STRG-Index: Spatio-Temporal Region Graph Indexing for Large Video Databases 2005 SIGMOD 8.6507319e-05
2,729 String Similarity Joins: An Experimental Evaluation 2014 VLDB 8.2175463e-05
2,772 High-Dimensional Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search: with Reliable and Efficient Distance Comparison Operations 2023 SIGMOD 8.1491893e-05
2,786 Approximate XML Joins 2002 SIGMOD 8.1223413e-05
2,936 Answering Top-k Queries Using Views 2006 VLDB 7.8579393e-05
2,969 Towards Efficient Index Construction and Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search in High-Dimensional Spaces 2023 VLDB 7.7955562e-05
3,014 NETS: Extremely Fast Outlier Detection from a Data Stream via Set-Based Processing 2019 VLDB 7.7079954e-05
3,182 DeltaPQ: Lossless Product Quantization Code Compression for High Dimensional Similarity Search 2020 VLDB 7.4280768e-05
3,199 Return of the Lernaean Hydra: Experimental Evaluation of Data Series Approximate Similarity Search 2020 VLDB 7.3999833e-05
3,301 Indexing the Distance: An Efficient Method to KNN Processing 2001 VLDB 7.2450912e-05
3,403 ELPIS: Graph-Based Similarity Search for Scalable Data Science 2023 VLDB 7.1338786e-05
3,472 Real-Time Distance-Based Outlier Detection in Data Streams 2021 VLDB 7.062401e-05
3,515 Inter-Media Hashing for Large-scale Retrieval from Heterogeneous Data Sources 2013 SIGMOD 7.0191008e-05
3,629 The Lernaean Hydra of Data Series Similarity Search: An Experimental Evaluation of the State of the Art 2019 VLDB 6.8997167e-05
3,669 FALCON: Feedback Adaptive Loop for Content-Based Retrieval 2000 VLDB 6.8569375e-05
3,779 Efficient Exact Edit Similarity Query Processing with the Asymmetric Signature Scheme 2011 SIGMOD 6.7709545e-05
3,921 Continuous Outlier Detection in Data Streams: An Extensible Framework and State-Of-The-Art Algorithms 2013 SIGMOD 6.6245531e-05
4,035 Efficient Reverse k-Nearest Neighbor Search in Arbitrary Metric Spaces 2006 SIGMOD 6.5111577e-05
4,273 Similarity Query Processing for High-Dimensional Data 2020 VLDB 6.2932217e-05
4,492 TASTI: Semantic Indexes for Machine Learning-based Queries over Unstructured Data 2022 SIGMOD 6.1374891e-05
4,551 iRangeGraph: Improvising Range-dedicated Graphs for Range-filtering Nearest Neighbor Search 2024 SIGMOD 6.0864316e-05
4,556 Learning User Preferences By Adaptive Pairwise Comparison 2015 VLDB 6.0815983e-05
4,600 Practical and Asymptotically Optimal Quantization of High-Dimensional Vectors in Euclidean Space for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 SIGMOD 6.0528015e-05
5,086 Pivot-based Metric Indexing 2017 VLDB 5.7036022e-05
5,186 SymphonyQG: Towards Symphonious Integration of Quantization and Graph for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 SIGMOD 5.6352814e-05
5,294 An Evaluation of Generic Bulk Loading Techniques 2001 VLDB 5.5777973e-05
5,314 Online Event-driven Subsequence Matching over Financial Data Streams 2004 SIGMOD 5.5702825e-05
5,354 FeedbackBypass: A New Approach to Interactive Similarity Query Processing 2001 VLDB 5.5526135e-05
5,747 Hercules Against Data Series Similarity Search 2022 VLDB 5.3427166e-05
5,763 Top-k Nearest Neighbor Search In Uncertain Data Series 2015 VLDB 5.3358283e-05
5,873 Fast Large-Scale Trajectory Clustering 2020 VLDB 5.2897929e-05
6,080 Pigeonring: A Principle for Faster Thresholded Similarity Search 2019 VLDB 5.219249e-05
6,359 High-Dimensional Vector Similarity Search: From Time Series to Deep Network Embeddings 2020 SIGMOD 5.0912204e-05
6,375 DET-LSH: A Locality-Sensitive Hashing Scheme with Dynamic Encoding Tree for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2024 VLDB 5.0868008e-05
6,458 Reference-Based Indexing of Sequence Databases 2006 VLDB 5.0484248e-05
6,545 Flexible Aggregate Similarity Search 2011 SIGMOD 5.01361e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 11 of 11 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2 R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure For Spatial Searching 1984 SIGMOD 0.0032118946
6 The R*-tree: An Efficient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles 1990 SIGMOD 0.0016113151
24 The R+-Tree: A Dynamic Index For Multi-Dimensional Objects 1987 VLDB 0.00083300888
48 Nearest Neighbor Queries 1995 SIGMOD 0.0006954126
65 Fast Subsequence Matching in Time-Series Databases 1994 SIGMOD 0.00061977022
129 The X-tree: An Index Structure for High-Dimensional Data 1996 VLDB 0.00044255276
242 Generalized Search Trees for Database Systems (Extended Abstract) 1995 VLDB 0.00031093647
471 FastMap: A Fast Algorithm for Indexing, Data-Mining and Visualization of Traditional and Multimedia Datasets 1995 SIGMOD 0.00022348285
574 Distance-Based Indexing For High-Dimensional Metric Spaces 1997 SIGMOD 0.0001987713
707 Near Neighbor Search in Large Metric Spaces 1995 VLDB 0.00017770532
1,290 Content-Based Image Indexing 1994 VLDB 0.00012774326
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Semantically Similar Papers

Overall Rank Paper Year Venue Pagerank
6,805 Indexing for Subtree Similarity-Search using Edit Distance 2013 SIGMOD 4.9170518e-05
1,943 Multidimensional Access Methods: Trees Have Grown Everywhere 1997 VLDB 0.00010009557
8,127 Similarity Search for Adaptive Ellipsoid Queries Using Spatial Transformation 2001 VLDB 4.5757206e-05
10,180 LM-Tree: A Hybrid Learned Index for Similarity Search in Metric Spaces 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
1,923 The A-tree: An Index Structure for High-Dimensional Spaces Using Relative Approximation 2000 VLDB 0.00010079134
3,206 Similarity Evaluation on Tree-structured Data 2005 SIGMOD 7.3855924e-05
9,288 Adaptive Indexing in High-Dimensional Metric Spaces 2023 VLDB 4.3589837e-05
707 Near Neighbor Search in Large Metric Spaces 1995 VLDB 0.00017770532
574 Distance-Based Indexing For High-Dimensional Metric Spaces 1997 SIGMOD 0.0001987713
1,808 A Cost Model for Similarity Queries in Metric Spaces 1998 PODS 0.00010476269