GORDIAN: Efficient and Scalable Discovery of Composite Keys

Summary: GORDIAN enables scalable, exact discovery of composite keys for modeling and indexing. Avoids brute-force searches; efficient on big data, supports key-column groups and XML leaf-nodes, enabling sampling for high-quality approximate keys. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 9483
Venue: VLDB
Year: 2006
Pagerank: 8.5641554e-05
Overall Rank: 2,549 | 82.27%
DOI: -

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 12 of 12 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
1,664	On Multi-Column Foreign Key Discovery	2010	VLDB	0.00010976887
2,077	Efficient Discovery of Approximate Dependencies	2018	VLDB	9.6001836e-05
2,253	Efficient Denial Constraint Discovery with Hydra	2018	VLDB	9.1937209e-05
3,426	Discovering Topical Structures of Databases	2008	SIGMOD	7.1063105e-05
4,499	Possible and Certain SQL Keys	2015	VLDB	6.1385333e-05
4,682	Scalable Discovery of Unique Column Combinations	2014	VLDB	6.0022412e-05
7,366	Discovery Algorithms for Embedded Functional Dependencies	2020	SIGMOD	4.7515248e-05
8,085	Discovery and Ranking of Embedded Uniqueness Constraints	2019	VLDB	4.5902231e-05
8,554	Search Driven Analysis of Heterogeneous XML Data	2009	CIDR	4.4937074e-05
8,850	Hitting Set Enumeration with Partial Information for Unique Column Combination Discovery	2020	VLDB	4.4364648e-05
11,024	SplitDF: Splitting Dataframes for Memory-Efficient Data Analysis	2024	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
13,602	Information Discovery in Loosely Integrated Data	2007	SIGMOD	-

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 15 of 15 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
182	LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer	2001	VLDB	0.00036962631
222	Wavelet-Based Histograms for Selectivity Estimation	1998	SIGMOD	0.00032828302
325	The History of Histograms (abridged)	2003	VLDB	0.00027378328
372	Selectivity Estimation using Probabilistic Models	2001	SIGMOD	0.00025354779
475	Mining Database Structure; Or, How to Build a Data Quality Browser	2002	SIGMOD	0.00022303253
512	STHoles: A Multidimensional Workload-Aware Histogram	2001	SIGMOD	0.00021380733
599	Mining Quantitative Association Rules in Large Relational Tables	1996	SIGMOD	0.00019394214
790	Exploiting Statistics on Query Expressions for Optimization	2002	SIGMOD	0.0001663283
842	Independence is Good: Dependency-Based Histogram Synopses for High-Dimensional Data	2001	SIGMOD	0.00016031973
846	Self-tuning Database Technology and Information Services: from Wishful Thinking to Viable Engineering	2002	VLDB	0.00015997985
1,974	BHUNT: Automatic Discovery of Fuzzy Algebraic Constraints in Relational Data	2003	VLDB	9.8866171e-05
2,662	Dwarf: Shrinking the PetaCube	2002	SIGMOD	8.3532302e-05
5,025	Automated Statistics Collection in DB2 UDB	2004	VLDB	5.7533741e-05
7,081	The Polynomial Complexity of Fully Materialized Coalesced Cubes	2004	VLDB	4.8413336e-05
7,653	CORDS: Automatic Generation of Correlation Statistics in DB2	2004	VLDB	4.6875371e-05

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9,725	On Concise Set of Relative Candidate Keys	2014	VLDB	4.2945121e-05
894	A Hybrid Approach to Functional Dependency Discovery	2016	SIGMOD	0.00015556428
5,636	GORDER: An Efficient Method for KNN Join Processing	2004	VLDB	5.3981191e-05
146	Knowledge Discovery in Databases: An Attribute-Oriented Approach	1992	VLDB	0.00041315295
54	DISCOVER: Keyword Search in Relational Databases	2002	VLDB	0.00066047203
12,262	Keymantic: Semantic Keyword-based Searching in Data Integration Systems	2010	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
1,664	On Multi-Column Foreign Key Discovery	2010	VLDB	0.00010976887
3,823	Automatic Discovery of Attributes in Relational Databases	2011	SIGMOD	6.7261168e-05
8,255	Discovering XSD Keys from XML Data	2013	SIGMOD	4.5491362e-05
10,817	Mining Meaningful Keys and Foreign Keys with High Precision and Recall	2025	VLDB	4.1945683e-05