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Sampling Large Databases for Association Rules

Summary: Sample-driven, probabilistic discovery of association rules: mine a random subset to hypothesize likely rules for the full DB. Missed rules can be recovered with a second pass, yielding exact results while retaining near single-pass I/O efficiency. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
h3ed98b90d63eff62
Venue
VLDB
Year
1996
Pagerank
0.00017673931
Overall Rank
473 | 96.83%
DOI
-

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{toivonen_vldb96,
        title = {{Sampling Large Databases for Association Rules}},
        author = {Toivonen, Hannu},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '96},
        pages = {134},
        year = {1996}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 28 of 28 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
124 Approximate Frequency Counts over Data Streams 2002 VLDB 0.00030600691
308 Automatic Subspace Clustering of High Dimensional Data for Data Mining Applications 1998 SIGMOD 0.00021473921
710 Approximate Counts and Quantiles over Sliding Windows 2004 PODS 0.00014608975
721 Dynamic Itemset Counting and Implication Rules for Market Basket Data 1997 SIGMOD 0.0001452081
731 Beyond Market Baskets: Generalizing Association Rules to Correlations 1997 SIGMOD 0.00014394521
1,006 Integrating Association Rule Mining with Relational Database Systems: Alternatives and Implications 1998 SIGMOD 0.00012573124
1,561 Exploratory Mining and Pruning Optimizations of Constrained Association Rules 1998 SIGMOD 0.00010240418
1,749 Clustering Categorical Data: An Approach Based on Dynamical Systems 1998 VLDB 9.7329666e-05
2,322 Online Maintenance of Very Large Random Samples 2004 SIGMOD 8.6361485e-05
2,832 Crowd Mining 2013 SIGMOD 7.9590386e-05
2,904 Estimating the Confidence of Conditional Functional Dependencies 2009 SIGMOD 7.8801067e-05
4,444 Online Association Rule Mining 1999 SIGMOD 6.5980526e-05
4,637 Association Rules over Interval Data 1997 SIGMOD 6.4923571e-05
4,647 Mining Graph Patterns Efficiently via Randomized Summaries 2009 VLDB 6.4867875e-05
5,084 Optimization of Constrained Frequent Set Queries with 2-variable Constraints 1999 SIGMOD 6.2834723e-05
5,729 Output Space Sampling for Graph Patterns 2009 VLDB 6.0157118e-05
6,570 An Optimal Algorithm for l1-Heavy Hitters in Insertion Streams and Related Problems 2016 PODS 5.7458578e-05
7,190 On the Discovery of Interesting Patterns in Association Rules 1998 VLDB 5.5906527e-05
8,724 A Condensed Representation to Find Frequent Patterns 2001 PODS 5.2905577e-05
8,952 CrowdMiner: Mining association rules from the crowd 2013 VLDB 5.252096e-05
9,296 TED: Towards Discovering Top-k Edge-Diversified Patterns in a Graph Database 2023 SIGMOD 5.1991444e-05
10,339 Parallel Rule Discovery from Large Datasets by Sampling 2022 SIGMOD 5.0195045e-05
11,188 Incremental Rule Discovery in Response to Parameter Updates 2025 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
11,732 Efficient Approximation Framework for Attribute Recommendation 2023 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
12,141 CATAPULT: Data-driven Selection of Canned Patterns for Efficient Visual Graph Query Formulation 2019 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
12,442 Beyond Itemsets: Mining Frequent Featuresets over Structured Items 2015 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
13,056 Cost-Based Labeling of Groups of Mass Spectra 2004 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
13,128 Mining Long Sequential Patterns in a Noisy Environment 2002 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 9 of 9 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
13 Mining Association Rules between Sets of Items in Large Databases 1993 SIGMOD 0.00064420972
250 An Effective Hash-Based Algorithm for Mining Association Rules 1995 SIGMOD 0.00023156569
346 Sequential Sampling Procedures For Query Size Estimation 1992 SIGMOD 0.00020329113
467 Discovery of Multiple-Level Association Rules from Large Databases 1995 VLDB 0.00017766906
475 Mining Generalized Association Rules 1995 VLDB 0.00017672519
477 Random Sampling from B+ trees 1989 VLDB 0.00017632787
573 An Efficient Algorithm for Mining Association Rules in Large Databases 1995 VLDB 0.00016173338
4,679 The Power of Sampling in Knowledge Discovery 1994 PODS 6.4726631e-05
6,443 NeuroRule: A Connectionist Approach to Data Mining 1995 VLDB 5.782709e-05
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