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2Q: A Low Overhead High Performance Buffer Management Replacement Algorithm

Summary: Introduces 2Q, a self-tuning two-queue buffer replacement algorithm with O(1) access overhead, avoiding LRU/2’s priority-queue cost. Empirically matches LRU/2 and improves over LRU on real and simulated traces, especially for scans and large random workloads. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
he7c2c6333f9a3929
Venue
VLDB
Year
1994
Pagerank
0.00015836342
Overall Rank
593 | 96.02%
DOI
-

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{johnson_vldb94,
        title = {{2Q: A Low Overhead High Performance Buffer Management Replacement Algorithm}},
        author = {Johnson, Theodore and Shasha, Dennis},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '94},
        pages = {439},
        year = {1994}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 32 of 32 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
389 QPipe: A Simultaneously Pipelined Relational Query Engine 2005 SIGMOD 0.00019269777
1,210 Processing a Trillion Cells per Mouse Click 2012 VLDB 0.00011527605
1,817 Broadcast Disks: Data Management for Asymmetric Communication Environments 1995 SIGMOD 9.5749088e-05
2,437 Goal-Oriented Buffer Management Revisited* 1996 SIGMOD 8.4668531e-05
2,999 Sharing Buffer Pool Memory in Multi-Tenant Relational Database-as-a-Service 2015 VLDB 7.7676694e-05
3,399 Orca: Scalable Temporal Graph Neural Network Training with Theoretical Guarantees 2023 SIGMOD 7.3349076e-05
3,952 Storage Workload Estimation for Database Management Systems 2007 SIGMOD 6.9034057e-05
4,201 The Case for Distributed Shared-Memory Databases with RDMA-Enabled Memory Disaggregation 2023 VLDB 6.7375318e-05
4,354 Interaction of Query Evaluation and Buffer Management for Information Retrieval 1998 SIGMOD 6.6413283e-05
4,392 Sharing Data and Work Across Concurrent Analytical Queries 2013 VLDB 6.6213651e-05
5,016 2R: Efficiently Isolating Cold Pages in Flash Storages 2020 VLDB 6.3133844e-05
5,018 Breaking Down Memory Walls: Adaptive Memory Management in LSM-based Storage Systems 2021 VLDB 6.3121723e-05
5,161 HotPrefix: Hotness-Aware KV Cache Scheduling for Efficient Prefix Sharing in LLM Inference Systems 2026 SIGMOD 6.2478968e-05
5,943 Operation-Aware Buffer Management in Flash-based Systems 2011 SIGMOD 5.9387777e-05
5,949 DEX: Scalable Range Indexing on Disaggregated Memory 2024 VLDB 5.9368754e-05
6,489 HetCache: Synergising NVMe Storage and GPU acceleration for Memory-Efficient Analytics 2023 CIDR 5.7676507e-05
6,932 Breaking Down Memory Walls in LSM-based Storage Systems 2020 SIGMOD 5.640907e-05
7,035 Increasing Buffer-Locality for Multiple Index Based Scans through Intelligent Placement and Index Scan Speed Control 2007 VLDB 5.6163837e-05
7,901 Write-Aware Timestamp Tracking: Effective and Efficient Page Replacement for Modern Hardware 2023 VLDB 5.4302737e-05
8,716 Resource-Adaptive Real-Time New Event Detection 2007 SIGMOD 5.2905577e-05
8,768 PreVision: An Out-of-Core Matrix Computation System with Optimal Buffer Replacement 2024 SIGMOD 5.2814045e-05
9,617 MCC-DB: Minimizing Cache Conflicts in Multi-core Processors for Databases 2009 VLDB 5.1507816e-05
10,289 Request Window: an Approach to Improve Throughput of RDBMS-based Data Integration System by Utilizing Data Sharing Across Concurrent Distributed Queries 2007 VLDB 5.0446125e-05
10,496 ReStore: A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Data Migration in Multi-Tiered Storage 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,904 Clock2Q+: A Simple and Efficient Replacement Algorithm for Metadata Cache in VMware vSAN 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,912 Tuning the Lookahead Distance for PostgreSQL Asynchronous IO 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
11,042 Demystifying and Improving Lazy Promotion in Cache Eviction 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
11,429 Sampling-based Predictive Database Buffer Management 2025 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
11,815 Making Cache Monotonic and Consistent 2023 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
12,869 Dynamic Partitioning of the Cache Hierarchy in Shared Data Centers 2008 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
13,135 A Multi-version Cache Replacement and Prefetching Policy for Hybrid Data Delivery Environments 2002 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
13,299 L/MRP: A Buffer Management Strategy for Interactive Continuous Data Flows in a Multimedia DBMS 1995 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 6 of 6 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
128 An Evaluation of Buffer Management Strategies for Relational Database Systems 1985 VLDB 0.00030411805
212 The LRU-K Page Replacement Algorithm For Database Disk Buffering 1993 SIGMOD 0.00024767296
843 Exploiting Inheritance and Structure Semantics for Effective Clustering and Buffering in an Object-Oriented DBMS 1989 SIGMOD 0.00013533222
1,520 Predictive Load Control for Flexible Buffer Allocation 1991 VLDB 0.00010383163
2,121 Priority-Hints: An Algorithm for Priority-Based Buffer Management 1990 VLDB 9.0092445e-05
2,560 Extensible Buffer Management of Indexes 1992 VLDB 8.2993451e-05
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Semantically Similar Papers

# Overall Rank Paper Year Venue
1 11,042 Demystifying and Improving Lazy Promotion in Cache Eviction 2026 VLDB
2 13,320 Estimating Page Fetches for Index Scans with Finite LRU Buffers 1994 SIGMOD
3 11,429 Sampling-based Predictive Database Buffer Management 2025 VLDB
4 1,967 Integration of Buffer Management and Query Optimization In Relational Database Environment 1989 VLDB
5 2,999 Sharing Buffer Pool Memory in Multi-Tenant Relational Database-as-a-Service 2015 VLDB
6 2,560 Extensible Buffer Management of Indexes 1992 VLDB
7 4,791 Adaptive Database Buffer Allocation Using Query Feedback 1993 VLDB
8 2,121 Priority-Hints: An Algorithm for Priority-Based Buffer Management 1990 VLDB
9 6,170 Index Access with a Finite Buffer 1987 VLDB
10 212 The LRU-K Page Replacement Algorithm For Database Disk Buffering 1993 SIGMOD