F1: A Distributed SQL Database That Scales

Summary: F1 is a relational DB blending NoSQL scalability with SQL usability, built on Spanner for replication and strong consistency. Hierarchical schema and structured data mitigate latency; includes a distributed SQL engine and automatic change tracking. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 10544
Venue: VLDB
Year: 2013
Pagerank: 0.00015448884
Overall Rank: 906 | 93.70%
DOI: -

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 51 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
390	CockroachDB: The Resilient Geo-Distributed SQL Database	2020	SIGMOD	0.00024607299
1,259	Aggregation and Ordering in Factorised Databases	2013	VLDB	0.00012995821
1,814	Mesa: Geo-Replicated, Near Real-Time, Scalable Data Warehousing	2014	VLDB	0.00010458107
1,939	From Theory to Practice: Efficient Join Query Evaluation in a Parallel Database System	2015	SIGMOD	0.00010025655
1,957	On the Design and Scalability of Distributed Shared-Data Databases	2015	SIGMOD	9.9598319e-05
2,062	Dremel: A Decade of Interactive SQL Analysis at Web Scale	2020	VLDB	9.6481955e-05
2,273	Scalable Atomic Visibility with RAMP Transactions	2014	SIGMOD	9.1329997e-05
2,373	SLOG: Serializable, Low-latency, Geo-replicated Transactions	2019	VLDB	8.9476269e-05
2,548	An Evaluation of Distributed Concurrency Control	2017	VLDB	8.5652459e-05
2,691	Greenplum: A Hybrid Database for Transactional and Analytical Workloads	2021	SIGMOD	8.2909126e-05
2,773	JSON Data Management – Supporting Schema-less Development in RDBMS	2014	SIGMOD	8.1386587e-05
2,844	Towards Scalable Real-time Analytics: An Architecture for Scale-out of OLxP Workloads	2015	VLDB	8.0243849e-05
3,051	Partial Results in Database Systems	2014	SIGMOD	7.6512591e-05
3,066	HAWQ: A Massively Parallel Processing SQL Engine in Hadoop	2014	SIGMOD	7.6221974e-05
3,355	F1 Query: Declarative Querying at Scale	2018	VLDB	7.1829142e-05
3,421	An Evaluation of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Deterministic Database Systems	2014	VLDB	7.1139504e-05
3,628	OceanBase: A 707 Million tpmC Distributed Relational Database System	2022	VLDB	6.9031596e-05
3,768	F1 Lightning: HTAP as a Service	2020	VLDB	6.7782774e-05
3,789	DIAMetrics: Benchmarking Query Engines at Scale	2020	VLDB	6.7644737e-05
3,922	Pushing Data-Induced Predicates Through Joins in Big-Data Clusters	2020	VLDB	6.6291079e-05
4,055	Online, Asynchronous Schema Change in F1	2013	VLDB	6.4910596e-05
4,351	Sundial: Harmonizing Concurrency Control and Caching in a Distributed OLTP Database Management System	2018	VLDB	6.2638519e-05
4,670	Napa: Powering Scalable Data Warehousing with Robust Query Performance at Google	2021	VLDB	6.0104466e-05
4,727	STAR: Scaling Transactions through Asymmetric Replication	2019	VLDB	5.9690763e-05
5,402	Towards Scalable Hybrid Stores: Constraint-Based Rewriting to the Rescue	2019	SIGMOD	5.5278023e-05
5,742	JECB: a Join-Extension, Code-Based Approach to OLTP Data Partitioning	2014	SIGMOD	5.3450287e-05
5,768	Epoch-based Commit and Replication in Distributed OLTP Databases	2021	VLDB	5.3333911e-05
6,040	Steering Query Optimizers: A Practical Take on Big Data Workloads	2021	SIGMOD	5.2412035e-05
6,246	Taking Omid to the Clouds: Fast, Scalable Transactions for Real-Time Cloud Analytics	2018	VLDB	5.1389356e-05
6,658	Scalable Querying of Nested Data	2021	VLDB	4.9711629e-05
7,067	JetScope: Reliable and Interactive Analytics at Cloud Scale	2015	VLDB	4.8440936e-05
7,207	Kodiak: Leveraging Materialized Views For Very Low-Latency Analytics Over High-Dimensional Web-Scale Data	2016	VLDB	4.800763e-05
7,554	Storing and Querying Tree-Structured Records in Dremel	2014	VLDB	4.712434e-05
7,557	Invisible Glue: Scalable Self-Tuning Multi-Stores	2015	CIDR	4.7112819e-05
7,683	TDSQL: Tencent Distributed Database System	2024	VLDB	4.6799361e-05
7,953	Shasta: Interactive Reporting At Scale	2016	SIGMOD	4.613363e-05
8,521	The LAW theorem: Local Reads and Linearizable Asynchronous Replication	2025	VLDB	4.4937074e-05
9,027	Asymmetric-Partition Replication for Highly Scalable Distributed Transaction Processing in Practice	2020	VLDB	4.4044295e-05
9,554	Bonspiel: Low Tail Latency Transactions in Geo-Distributed Databases	2025	VLDB	4.3254416e-05
9,722	NOC-NOC: Towards Performance-optimal Distributed Transactions	2024	SIGMOD	4.2959935e-05
9,879	HARMONY: A Scalable Distributed Vector Database for High-Throughput Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search	2026	SIGMOD	4.2643674e-05
9,894	OceanRT: Real-Time Analytics over Large Temporal Data	2014	SIGMOD	4.2602616e-05
10,080	Focus! Fast On-disk Concurrency-control Using Sketches	2026	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
10,870	PolyBase: Adapting to Data Affinity Changes in Geo-Replicated Database via Row-Level Consensus-Group Affiliation Re-Assignment	2025	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
11,092	Native Distributed Databases: Problems, Challenges and Opportunities	2024	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
11,295	XDB in Action: Decentralized Cross-Database Query Processing for Black-Box DBMSes	2023	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
11,672	Block as a Value for SQL over NoSQL	2019	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
11,803	Quaestor: Query Web Caching for Database-as-a-Service Providers	2017	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
11,849	The Challenges of Global-scale Data Management	2016	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
11,861	Comdb2: Bloomberg’s Highly Available Relational Database System	2016	VLDB	4.1945683e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 6 of 6 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
23	A Critique of ANSI SQL Isolation Levels	1995	SIGMOD	0.00083894938
189	Megastore: Providing Scalable, Highly Available Storage for Interactive Services	2011	CIDR	0.00035925334
890	F1 – The Fault-Tolerant Distributed RDBMS Supporting Google's Ad Business	2012	SIGMOD	0.00015570935
1,025	WSQ/DSQ: A Practical Approach for Combined Querying of Databases and the Web*	2000	SIGMOD	0.00014603741
3,073	The O2 Object-Oriented Database System	1992	SIGMOD	7.6110563e-05
4,055	Online, Asynchronous Schema Change in F1	2013	VLDB	6.4910596e-05

Semantically Similar Papers

Overall Rank	Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
1,957	On the Design and Scalability of Distributed Shared-Data Databases	2015	SIGMOD	9.9598319e-05
10,779	FDBKeeper: Enabling Scalable Coordination Services for Metadata Management using Distributed Key-Value Databases	2025	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
12,636	Adaptive Distributed Query Processing	2003	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
7,953	Shasta: Interactive Reporting At Scale	2016	SIGMOD	4.613363e-05
3,008	FoundationDB: A Distributed Unbundled Transactional Key Value Store	2021	SIGMOD	7.7239608e-05
1,015	Spanner: Becoming a SQL System	2017	SIGMOD	0.00014638696
3,768	F1 Lightning: HTAP as a Service	2020	VLDB	6.7782774e-05
4,055	Online, Asynchronous Schema Change in F1	2013	VLDB	6.4910596e-05
3,355	F1 Query: Declarative Querying at Scale	2018	VLDB	7.1829142e-05
890	F1 – The Fault-Tolerant Distributed RDBMS Supporting Google's Ad Business	2012	SIGMOD	0.00015570935