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Froid: Optimization of Imperative Programs in a Relational Database

Summary: Automatically rewrites UDFs into relational algebra expressions embedded in SQL, enabling cost-based optimization of imperative code. Froid is extensible, brings compiler-style optimizations to UDFs, and yields set-oriented, parallel plans with orders-of-magnitude speedups. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
11756
Venue
VLDB
Year
2018
Pagerank
0.0001397627
Overall Rank
1,107 | 92.31%
DOI
10.1145/3164135.3164140

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 43 of 43 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2,242 Procedural Extensions of SQL: Understanding their usage in the wild 2021 VLDB 9.2124242e-05
2,809 Extending Relational Query Processing with ML Inference 2020 CIDR 8.0869552e-05
2,955 Magpie: Python at Speed and Scale using Cloud Backends 2021 CIDR 7.8188583e-05
3,085 Compiling PL/SQL Away 2020 CIDR 7.5960713e-05
3,409 End-to-end Optimization of Machine Learning Prediction Queries 2022 SIGMOD 7.1240791e-05
3,649 One WITH RECURSIVE is Worth Many GOTOs 2021 SIGMOD 6.8764882e-05
3,866 Cloudy with High Chance of DBMS: A 10-year Prediction for Enterprise-Grade ML 2020 CIDR 6.6795497e-05
4,571 BlackMagic: Automatic Inlining of Scalar UDFs into SQL Queries with Froid 2019 VLDB 6.0693276e-05
4,645 Aggify: Lifting the Curse of Cursor Loops using Custom Aggregates 2020 SIGMOD 6.0190618e-05
4,833 Reactors: A Case for Predictable, Virtualized Actor Database Systems 2018 SIGMOD 5.8881564e-05
4,909 A Method for Optimizing Opaque Filter Queries 2020 SIGMOD 5.8354189e-05
5,486 Containerized Execution of UDFs: An Experimental Evaluation 2022 VLDB 5.481452e-05
5,573 iTurboGraph: Scaling and Automating Incremental Graph Analytics 2021 SIGMOD 5.4268881e-05
5,741 Babelfish: Efficient Execution of Polyglot Queries 2022 VLDB 5.3450701e-05
6,112 PL/SQL Without the PL 2020 SIGMOD 5.2009649e-05
6,211 Snakes on a Plan: Compiling Python Functions into Plain SQL Queries 2022 SIGMOD 5.1503069e-05
6,245 Iterative Query Processing based on Unified Optimization Techniques 2019 SIGMOD 5.1341887e-05
6,374 Dear User-Defined Functions, Inlining isn't working out so great for us. Let's try batching to make our relationship work. Sincerely, SQL 2024 CIDR 5.0874998e-05
6,377 Mitigating the Impedance Mismatch between Prediction Query Execution and Database Engine 2025 SIGMOD 5.0860948e-05
6,405 Fine-Grained Lineage for Safer Notebook Interactions 2021 VLDB 5.0707934e-05
6,646 Functional-Style SQL UDFs With a Capital 'F' 2020 SIGMOD 4.9734285e-05
6,694 WeBridge: Synthesizing Stored Procedures for Large-Scale Real-World Web Applications 2024 SIGMOD 4.9552327e-05
6,703 YeSQL: “You extend SQL” with Rich and Highly Performant User-Defined Functions in Relational Databases 2022 VLDB 4.9514593e-05
6,989 Machine Learning, Linear Algebra, and More: Is SQL All You Need? 2022 CIDR 4.8658293e-05
7,324 BOSS - An Architecture for Database Kernel Composition 2024 VLDB 4.7565238e-05
7,459 Lachesis: Automatic Partitioning for UDF-Centric Analytics 2021 VLDB 4.7199075e-05
8,130 Robust Query Processing: Mission Possible 2020 VLDB 4.5746794e-05
8,162 MONSOON: Multi-Step Optimization and Execution of Queries with Partially Obscured Predicates 2020 SIGMOD 4.5686903e-05
8,435 Not Black-Box Anymore! Enabling Analytics-Aware Optimizations in Teradata Vantage 2021 VLDB 4.5075971e-05
8,580 Efficient Execution of User-Defined Functions in SQL Queries 2023 VLDB 4.4876382e-05
8,625 Predicate Pushdown for Data Science Pipelines 2023 SIGMOD 4.4784651e-05
8,960 Shedding Light on Opaque Application Queries 2021 SIGMOD 4.4173276e-05
9,348 The Key to Effective UDF Optimization: Before Inlining, First Perform Outlining 2025 VLDB 4.3504473e-05
9,375 In-depth Analysis of Continuous Subgraph Matching in a Common Delta Query Compilation Framework 2024 SIGMOD 4.3452177e-05
9,764 QURE: AI-Assisted and Automatically Verified UDF Inlining 2025 SIGMOD 4.2815042e-05
9,765 The UDFBench Benchmark for General-purpose UDF Queries 2025 VLDB 4.2815042e-05
9,883 SQL Engines Excel at the Execution of Imperative Programs 2024 VLDB 4.2594931e-05
10,253 Scalable GPU Acceleration of Scalar Functions in Analytical Databases: Compilation, Benchmarking, and Optimization 2026 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,423 Query Decorrelation in the Fabric Data Warehouse 2025 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,721 Towards Designing Future-Proof Data Processing Systems 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
11,064 Optimizing Video Queries with Declarative Clues 2024 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
11,072 Hardware-Efficient Data Imputation through DBMS Extensibility 2024 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
11,430 Accelerating Complex Analytics using Speculation 2021 CIDR 4.1905499e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 8 of 8 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
87 Hekaton: SQL Server’s Memory-Optimized OLTP Engine 2013 SIGMOD 0.00052844656
102 Of Nests and Trees: A Unified Approach to Processing Queries That Contain Nested Subqueries, Aggregates, and Quantifiers 1987 VLDB 0.00049592627
130 Optimization of Nested SQL Queries Revisited 1987 SIGMOD 0.00044001626
640 Orthogonal Optimization of Subqueries and Aggregation 2001 SIGMOD 0.00018780632
1,581 Execution Strategies for SQL Subqueries 2007 SIGMOD 0.00011262795
2,874 StatusQuo: Making Familiar Abstractions Perform Using Program Analysis 2013 CIDR 7.9762275e-05
3,298 Extracting Equivalent SQL from Imperative Code in Database Applications 2016 SIGMOD 7.2527707e-05
7,447 DBridge: Translating Imperative Code to SQL 2017 SIGMOD 4.7227748e-05
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