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Strong consistency is not hard to get: Two-Phase Locking and Two-Phase Commit on Thousands of Cores

Summary: An RDMA-based implementation demonstrates that unoptimized strict 2PL/2PC scales to thousands of cores and hundreds of machines, exceeding 21M TPC-C tx/s. The results challenge the assumption that strong consistency inherently limits scalability. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
12142
Venue
VLDB
Year
2019
Pagerank
6.4882686e-05
Overall Rank
4,829 | 66.87%
DOI
10.14778/3358701.3358702

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{barthels_vldb19,
        title = {{Strong consistency is not hard to get: Two-Phase Locking and Two-Phase Commit on Thousands of Cores}},
        author = {Barthels, Claude and Müller, Ingo and Taranov, Konstantin and Alonso, Gustavo and Hoefler, Torsten},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '19},
        volume = {12},
        number = {13},
        pages = {2325--2338},
        doi = {10.14778/3358701.3358702},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3358701.3358702},
        year = {2019}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 13 of 13 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
3,196 Farview: Disaggregated Memory with Operator Off-loading for Database Engines 2022 CIDR 7.6467469e-05
4,677 Redy: Remote Dynamic Memory Cache 2022 VLDB 6.5698961e-05
4,861 CXL and the Return of Scale-Up Database Engines 2024 VLDB 6.4747307e-05
7,686 TDSQL: Tencent Distributed Database System 2024 VLDB 5.5676271e-05
7,899 Modularis: Modular Relational Analytics over Heterogeneous Distributed Platforms 2021 VLDB 5.5195553e-05
7,913 Efficient Distributed Transaction Processing in Heterogeneous Networks 2023 VLDB 5.5181056e-05
9,130 A Hybrid Approach to Integrating Deterministic and Non-deterministic Concurrency Control in Database Systems 2025 VLDB 5.318565e-05
9,530 OceanBase Paetica: A Hybrid Shared-nothing/Shared-everything Database for Supporting Single Machine and Distributed Cluster 2023 VLDB 5.2543048e-05
10,014 TxnSails: Achieving Serializable Transaction Scheduling with Self-Adaptive Isolation Level Selection 2025 VLDB 5.1770751e-05
10,033 Modeling Concurrency Control as a Learnable Function 2026 SIGMOD 5.173224e-05
10,700 TXSQL: Lock Optimizations Towards High Contented Workloads 2025 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,814 Dandelion: Smaller Clusters, Bigger Speeds—Distributed Transactions Redefined 2025 VLDB 5.093636e-05
11,011 From Scale-Up to Scale-Out: PolarDB’s Journey to Achieving 2 Billion tpmC 2025 VLDB 5.093636e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 15 of 15 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
57 Calvin: Fast Distributed Transactions for Partitioned Database Systems 2012 SIGMOD 0.00040139242
83 H-Store: A High-Performance, Distributed Main Memory Transaction Processing System 2008 VLDB 0.00036185259
473 Staring into the Abyss: An Evaluation of Concurrency Control with One Thousand Cores 2015 VLDB 0.00017900942
892 Rack-Scale In-Memory Join Processing using RDMA 2015 SIGMOD 0.00013376761
1,076 High-Speed Query Processing over High-Speed Networks 2016 VLDB 0.00012270109
1,238 BatchDB: Efficient Isolated Execution of Hybrid OLTP+OLAP Workloads for Interactive Applications 2017 SIGMOD 0.00011543368
1,342 Designing Distributed Tree-based Index Structures for Fast RDMA-capable Networks 2019 SIGMOD 0.00011098147
1,345 The End of a Myth: Distributed Transactions Can Scale 2017 VLDB 0.00011090483
1,926 An Evaluation of Distributed Concurrency Control 2017 VLDB 9.4705999e-05
2,926 Distributed Join Algorithms on Thousands of Cores 2017 VLDB 7.9549783e-05
3,080 Distributed Lock Management with RDMA: Decentralization without Starvation 2018 SIGMOD 7.7746739e-05
3,243 Rethinking Database High Availability with RDMA Networks 2019 VLDB 7.6051655e-05
4,058 Fast Scans on Key-Value Stores 2017 VLDB 6.9335663e-05
6,405 DPI: The Data Processing Interface for Modern Networks 2019 CIDR 5.8855242e-05
12,361 SwissBox: An Architecture for Data Processing Appliances 2011 CIDR 5.093636e-05
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