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Cost-based or Learning-based? A Hybrid Query Optimizer for Query Plan Selection

Summary: Hybrid optimizer blends learning-based hints with cost-based plan completion to yield high-quality candidates. An uncertainty-based selector predicts runtimes, selecting the best plan; results beat PostgreSQL with 25% latency reductions. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
12904
Venue
VLDB
Year
2022
Pagerank
6.8078013e-05
Overall Rank
3,729 | 74.09%
DOI
10.14778/3565838.3565846

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 33 of 33 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
5,072 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB 5.7121108e-05
5,654 AutoSteer: Learned Query Optimization for Any SQL Database 2023 VLDB 5.3882121e-05
5,931 FASTgres: Making Learned Query Optimizer Hinting Effective 2023 VLDB 5.2632167e-05
5,941 Eraser: Eliminating Performance Regression on Learned Query Optimizer 2024 VLDB 5.2594013e-05
6,202 Chat2Data: An Interactive Data Analysis System with RAG, Vector Databases and LLMs 2024 VLDB 5.1554849e-05
6,382 Sample-Efficient Cardinality Estimation Using Geometric Deep Learning 2024 VLDB 5.0835686e-05
6,862 Join Order Selection with Deep Reinforcement Learning: Fundamentals, Techniques, and Challenges 2023 VLDB 4.9004921e-05
6,883 PilotScope: Steering Databases with Machine Learning Drivers 2024 VLDB 4.8918682e-05
7,009 Is Your Learned Query Optimizer Behaving As You Expect? A Machine Learning Perspective 2024 VLDB 4.8597992e-05
7,326 Lemo: A Cache-Enhanced Learned Optimizer for Concurrent Queries 2023 SIGMOD 4.7563708e-05
8,095 Grep: A Graph Learning Based Database Partitioning System 2023 SIGMOD 4.5837691e-05
8,263 Learned Data-aware Image Representations of Line Charts for Similarity Search 2023 SIGMOD 4.5414364e-05
8,479 Can Large Language Models Be Query Optimizer for Relational Databases? 2026 SIGMOD 4.4967983e-05
8,660 Learned Offline Query Planning via Bayesian Optimization 2025 SIGMOD 4.4680058e-05
9,215 PACE: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 4.3679174e-05
9,350 LIMAO: A Framework for Lifelong Modular Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.3494621e-05
9,372 FEBench: A Benchmark for Real-Time Relational Data Feature Extraction 2023 VLDB 4.3461481e-05
9,487 Spatial Query Optimization With Learning 2024 VLDB 4.3300131e-05
9,581 Low Rank Learning for Offline Query Optimization 2025 SIGMOD 4.3186744e-05
9,959 An Elephant Under The Microscope: Analyzing The Interaction Of Optimizer Components In PostgreSQL 2025 SIGMOD 4.2254157e-05
10,018 GenJoin: Conditional Generative Plan-to-Plan Query Optimizer that Learns from Subplan Hints 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,032 Rainbow: Risk-aware Index Benefit Estimation Facing Out Of Distribution Workloads 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,112 SEFRQO: A Self-Evolving Fine-Tuned RAG-Based Query Optimizer 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,156 Divo: Learning a Stable and Effective Query Optimizer with a Diverse Workload 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,203 Reqo: A Comprehensive Learning-Based Cost Model for Robust and Explainable Query Optimization 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,225 LIO: A lightweight and interpretable query optimizer based on an evolutionary forest 2026 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,227 Sample-based Distinct Cardinality Estimation for Multiple Attributes in Multi-Dataset Queries 2026 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,241 Robust Predicate Transfer with Dynamic Execution 2026 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,635 Robust Plan Evaluation based on Approximate Probabilistic Machine Learning 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,844 Learned Cost Models for Query Optimization: From Batch to Streaming Systems 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,863 Graph Transformers for Query Plan Representation: Potentials and Challenges 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,872 LEAP: A Low-cost Spark SQL Query Optimizer using Pairwise Comparison 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,884 RankPQO: Learning-to-Rank for Parametric Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 25 of 25 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0040465394
71 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00059446482
101 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00049778866
203 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00034868567
329 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00027301488
422 Measuring the Complexity of Join Enumeration in Query Optimization 1990 VLDB 0.00023654556
606 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00019251186
634 Bao: Making Learned Query Optimization Practical 2021 SIGMOD 0.00018844568
680 Towards a Robust Query Optimizer: A Principled and Practical Approach 2005 SIGMOD 0.00018193263
752 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.00017138049
779 QTune: A Query-Aware Database Tuning System with Deep Reinforcement Learning 2019 VLDB 0.00016719473
804 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.0001643674
876 Plan-Structured Deep Neural Network Models for Query Performance Prediction 2019 VLDB 0.00015660534
905 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00015423174
1,283 Towards Linear Algebra over Normalized Data 2017 VLDB 0.00012826013
1,462 ARDA: Automatic Relational Data Augmentation for Machine Learning 2020 VLDB 0.00011866333
2,222 SkinnerDB: Regret-Bounded Query Evaluation via Reinforcement Learning 2019 SIGMOD 9.2598438e-05
3,241 A Learned Query Rewrite System using Monte Carlo Tree Search 2022 VLDB 7.32744e-05
3,455 Learned Cardinality Estimation: A Design Space Exploration and A Comparative Evaluation 2022 VLDB 7.0760196e-05
3,492 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 7.0435484e-05
4,151 openGauss: An Autonomous Database System 2021 VLDB 6.4020605e-05
4,543 FACE: A Normalizing Flow based Cardinality Estimator 2022 VLDB 6.0953507e-05
5,289 LearnedSQLGen: Constraint-aware SQL Generation using Reinforcement Learning 2022 SIGMOD 5.5790771e-05
5,386 Selective Data Acquisition in the Wild for Model Charging 2022 VLDB 5.5346315e-05
7,180 Coresets over Multiple Tables for Feature-rich and Data-efficient Machine Learning 2023 VLDB 4.8032775e-05
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454 An Overview of Query Optimization in Relational Systems 1998 PODS 0.00022796106
6,561 On the Stability of Plan Costs and the Costs of Plan Stability 2010 VLDB 5.0055336e-05
10,635 Robust Plan Evaluation based on Approximate Probabilistic Machine Learning 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
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680 Towards a Robust Query Optimizer: A Principled and Practical Approach 2005 SIGMOD 0.00018193263
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342 Optimization of Dynamic Query Evaluation Plans 1994 SIGMOD 0.00026836424
8,660 Learned Offline Query Planning via Bayesian Optimization 2025 SIGMOD 4.4680058e-05
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