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Lero: A Learning-to-Rank Query Optimizer

Summary: Lero: a non‑intrusive learning‑to‑rank layer that uses pairwise classifiers to compare plans instead of regressing costs. Pluggable into existing DBMS (Postgres prototype), it continuously adapts to workloads and cuts execution time vs native optimizer by up to 70% (vs other learned optimizers up to 37%). (summarized by gpt-5-mini on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
13009
Venue
VLDB
Year
2023
Pagerank
7.1904529e-05
Overall Rank
3,348 | 76.71%
DOI
10.14778/3583140.3583160

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 36 of 36 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
5,952 Eraser: Eliminating Performance Regression on Learned Query Optimizer 2024 VLDB 5.2591691e-05
6,383 Sample-Efficient Cardinality Estimation Using Geometric Deep Learning 2024 VLDB 5.0884322e-05
6,685 How Good are Learned Cost Models, Really? Insights from Query Optimization Tasks 2025 SIGMOD 4.9627485e-05
6,862 Join Order Selection with Deep Reinforcement Learning: Fundamentals, Techniques, and Challenges 2023 VLDB 4.9051979e-05
6,885 PilotScope: Steering Databases with Machine Learning Drivers 2024 VLDB 4.895386e-05
7,008 Is Your Learned Query Optimizer Behaving As You Expect? A Machine Learning Perspective 2024 VLDB 4.8643538e-05
7,330 Lemo: A Cache-Enhanced Learned Optimizer for Concurrent Queries 2023 SIGMOD 4.7609373e-05
7,753 Rethinking Learned Cost Models: Why Start from Scratch? 2023 SIGMOD 4.660151e-05
7,989 RCRank: Multimodal Ranking of Root Causes of Slow Queries in Cloud Database Systems 2025 VLDB 4.6124681e-05
8,020 The Holon Approach for Simultaneously Tuning Multiple Components in a Self-Driving Database Management System with Machine Learning via Synthesized Proto-Actions 2024 VLDB 4.6040862e-05
8,186 E2ETune: End-to-End Knob Tuning via Fine-tuned Generative Language Model 2025 VLDB 4.5651684e-05
8,488 Can Large Language Models Be Query Optimizer for Relational Databases? 2026 SIGMOD 4.4998609e-05
8,659 Learned Offline Query Planning via Bayesian Optimization 2025 SIGMOD 4.4722928e-05
8,688 NeurDB: On the Design and Implementation of an AI-powered Autonomous Database 2025 CIDR 4.4673127e-05
8,956 T3: Accurate and Fast Performance Prediction for Relational Database Systems With Compiled Decision Trees 2025 SIGMOD 4.4214154e-05
9,345 LIMAO: A Framework for Lifelong Modular Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.3536343e-05
9,587 Low Rank Learning for Offline Query Optimization 2025 SIGMOD 4.3215645e-05
9,600 Optimizing Dataflow Systems for Scalable Interactive Visualization 2024 SIGMOD 4.3177432e-05
9,825 Athena: An Effective Learning-based Framework for Query Optimizer Performance Improvement 2025 SIGMOD 4.2751057e-05
9,960 An Elephant Under The Microscope: Analyzing The Interaction Of Optimizer Components In PostgreSQL 2025 SIGMOD 4.2294678e-05
10,018 GenJoin: Conditional Generative Plan-to-Plan Query Optimizer that Learns from Subplan Hints 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,112 SEFRQO: A Self-Evolving Fine-Tuned RAG-Based Query Optimizer 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,156 Divo: Learning a Stable and Effective Query Optimizer with a Diverse Workload 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,203 Reqo: A Comprehensive Learning-Based Cost Model for Robust and Explainable Query Optimization 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,219 Practical Parameterized Query Optimization via Efficient Plan Reuse and List-wise Ranking 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,225 LIO: A lightweight and interpretable query optimizer based on an evolutionary forest 2026 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,271 OBELISK: Efficient Offline Query Planning with Bayesian Optimization-Informed Language Model Reasoning 2026 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,288 TATA: An Efficient Framework for Task Transfer in Query Plan Representation 2026 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,564 PlanRGCN: Predicting SPARQL Query Performance 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,627 Robust Plan Evaluation based on Approximate Probabilistic Machine Learning 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,630 Conformal Prediction for Verifiable Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,772 veDB-HTAP: a Highly Integrated, Efficient and Adaptive HTAP System 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,840 Learned Cost Models for Query Optimization: From Batch to Streaming Systems 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,859 Graph Transformers for Query Plan Representation: Potentials and Challenges 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,868 LEAP: A Low-cost Spark SQL Query Optimizer using Pairwise Comparison 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,880 RankPQO: Learning-to-Rank for Parametric Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 29 of 29 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
22 SCOPE: Easy and Efficient Parallel Processing of Massive Data Sets 2008 VLDB 0.0008456613
71 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00059038975
204 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00034784455
237 An Efficient, Cost-Driven Index Selection Tool for Microsoft SQL Server 1997 VLDB 0.00031726304
333 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00027206884
608 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00019235898
629 Preventing Bad Plans by Bounding the Impact of Cardinality Estimation Errors 2009 VLDB 0.00018942366
640 Bao: Making Learned Query Optimization Practical 2021 SIGMOD 0.00018759152
661 Database Tuning Advisor for Microsoft SQL Server 2005 2004 VLDB 0.00018481174
758 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.0001706608
806 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.00016434274
884 Plan-Structured Deep Neural Network Models for Query Performance Prediction 2019 VLDB 0.00015654004
910 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00015423056
1,019 Robust Estimation of Resource Consumption for SQL Queries using Statistical Techniques 2012 VLDB 0.00014625603
1,070 Analyzing Plan Diagrams of Database Query Optimizers 2005 VLDB 0.00014316791
1,254 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00013027411
1,547 Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions 2011 VLDB 0.00011442359
1,638 Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation 2022 VLDB 0.00011049779
1,703 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00010836769
1,855 AI Meets AI: Leveraging Query Executions to Improve Index Recommendations 2019 SIGMOD 0.00010315245
2,121 Balsa: Learning a Query Optimizer Without Expert Demonstrations 2022 SIGMOD 9.5017232e-05
2,219 SkinnerDB: Regret-Bounded Query Evaluation via Reinforcement Learning 2019 SIGMOD 9.2623533e-05
2,762 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 8.1585394e-05
3,499 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 7.0376445e-05
3,580 Query Performance Prediction for Concurrent Queries using Graph Embedding 2020 VLDB 6.9500996e-05
4,348 Identifying Robust Plans through Plan Diagram Reduction 2008 VLDB 6.2660237e-05
4,804 Efficient Deep Learning Pipelines for Accurate Cost Estimations Over Large Scale Query Workload 2021 SIGMOD 5.910467e-05
5,340 Efficiently Approximating Query Optimizer Plan Diagrams 2008 VLDB 5.5623066e-05
6,040 Steering Query Optimizers: A Practical Take on Big Data Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 5.2412035e-05
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