LMSFC: A Novel Multidimensional Index based on Learned Monotonic Space Filling Curves

Summary: LMSFC learns a monotonic, data- and workload-adaptive space-filling curve to map multidimensional points to 1D, replacing fixed SFCs (e.g., z-order) to improve locality for learned indexes. Provides offline/online SFC optimization and outperforms prior methods. (summarized by gpt-5-mini on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 13107
Venue: VLDB
Year: 2023
Pagerank: 4.917024e-05
Overall Rank: 6,806 | 52.70%
DOI: 10.14778/3603581.3603598

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 6 of 6 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
8,079	Accelerating String-key Learned Index Structures via Memoization-based Incremental Training	2024	VLDB	4.5873372e-05
8,952	One Seed, Two Birds: A Unified Learned Structure for Exact and Approximate Counting	2024	SIGMOD	4.4195459e-05
10,282	Toward Drift-Aware Database Benchmarking	2026	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
10,324	A Workload-Aware Encrypted Index for Efficient Privacy-Preserving Range Queries	2026	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
10,396	Optimizing Block Skipping for High-Dimensional Data with Learned Adaptive Curve	2025	SIGMOD	4.1905499e-05
11,139	Efficient Cost Modeling of Space-filling Curves	2024	VLDB	4.1905499e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 18 of 18 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
2	R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure For Spatial Searching	1984	SIGMOD	0.0032118946
6	The R*-tree: An Efficient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles	1990	SIGMOD	0.0016113151
24	The R+-Tree: A Dynamic Index For Multi-Dimensional Objects	1987	VLDB	0.00083300888
101	The Case for Learned Index Structures	2018	SIGMOD	0.00049778866
356	Hilbert R-tree: An Improved R-tree Using Fractals	1994	VLDB	0.00026091196
819	ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index	2020	SIGMOD	0.00016237497
844	The PGM-index: a fully-dynamic compressed learned index with provable worst-case bounds	2020	VLDB	0.00015964123
1,365	FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure	2019	SIGMOD	0.00012379754
1,438	Benchmarking Learned Indexes	2021	VLDB	0.00011965956
1,464	Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes	2020	SIGMOD	0.0001184772
1,608	Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics	2020	SIGMOD	0.00011169837
1,699	Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation?	2021	VLDB	0.00010848882
1,887	Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads	2021	VLDB	0.00010201938
2,108	LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data	2020	SIGMOD	9.5283642e-05
2,492	Integrating the UB-Tree into a Database System Kernel	2000	VLDB	8.649434e-05
2,550	Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions	2021	VLDB	8.5569576e-05
2,676	Effectively Learning Spatial Indices	2020	VLDB	8.326321e-05
5,463	The RLR-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based R-Tree for Spatial Data	2023	SIGMOD	5.4920768e-05

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Overall Rank	Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
399	Multi-Probe LSH: Efficient Indexing for High-Dimensional Similarity Search	2007	VLDB	0.00024359304
2,676	Effectively Learning Spatial Indices	2020	VLDB	8.326321e-05
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10,754	Benchmarking Adaptive Multidimensional Indices	2025	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
10,180	LM-Tree: A Hybrid Learned Index for Similarity Search in Metric Spaces	2026	SIGMOD	4.1905499e-05
1,464	Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes	2020	SIGMOD	0.0001184772
11,139	Efficient Cost Modeling of Space-filling Curves	2024	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
8,089	Towards Designing and Learning Piecewise Space-Filling Curves	2023	VLDB	4.5855593e-05