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From Scale-Up to Scale-Out: PolarDB's Journey to Achieving 2 Billion tpmC

Summary: PolarDB evolved from RDMA-accelerated scale-up—many-core B+‑tree concurrency and transaction co-design—to an RDMA-based scale-out distributed transaction engine. Reaches 2.0B tpmC on 2340 nodes (0.16% jitter), 2.5–2.9× throughput and 37–79.5% lower per-tpmC cost vs peers. (summarized by gpt-5-mini on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
14108
Venue
VLDB
Year
2025
Pagerank
4.1905499e-05
Overall Rank
10,788 | 25.03%
DOI
10.14778/3750601.3750627

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Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 1 of 1 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
10,143 Beluga: A CXL-Based Memory Architecture for Scalable and Efficient LLM KVCache Management 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 33 of 33 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
122 Calvin: Fast Distributed Transactions for Partitioned Database Systems 2012 SIGMOD 0.0004532783
156 Amazon Aurora: Design Considerations for High Throughput Cloud-Native Relational Databases 2017 SIGMOD 0.00040580118
175 ARIES/KVL: A Key-Value Locking Method for Concurrency Control of Multiaction Transactions Operating on B-Tree Indexes 1990 VLDB 0.00038354115
363 CockroachDB: The Resilient Geo-Distributed SQL Database 2020 SIGMOD 0.00025750338
376 Nonblocking Commit Protocols 1981 SIGMOD 0.00025155837
486 TiDB: A Raft-based HTAP Database 2020 VLDB 0.00022039625
809 Persistent B+-Trees in Non-Volatile Main Memory 2015 VLDB 0.00016409797
914 Socrates: The New SQL Server in the Cloud 2019 SIGMOD 0.00015370799
1,087 ARIES/IM: An Efficient and High Concurrency Index Management Method Using Write-Ahead Logging 1992 SIGMOD 0.00014159274
1,351 The End of Slow Networks: It's Time for a Redesign 2016 VLDB 0.00012439556
1,593 PolarFS: An Ultra-low Latency and Failure Resilient Distributed File System for Shared Storage Cloud Database 2018 VLDB 0.00011214218
1,721 Cloud-Native Database Systems at Alibaba: Opportunities and Challenges 2019 VLDB 0.00010741822
1,813 The End of a Myth: Distributed Transactions Can Scale 2017 VLDB 0.00010452333
1,834 Designing Distributed Tree-based Index Structures for Fast RDMA-capable Networks 2019 SIGMOD 0.00010364718
1,956 On the Design and Scalability of Distributed Shared-Data Databases 2015 SIGMOD 9.9626473e-05
2,050 Automatically Indexing Millions of Databases in Microsoft Azure SQL Database 2019 SIGMOD 9.6883066e-05
2,337 PolarDB Serverless: A Cloud Native Database for Disaggregated Data Centers 2021 SIGMOD 9.0092781e-05
2,358 SLOG: Serializable, Low-latency, Geo-replicated Transactions 2019 VLDB 8.9675888e-05
2,991 Sherman: A Write-Optimized Distributed B+Tree Index on Disaggregated Memory 2022 SIGMOD 7.7701741e-05
3,396 Towards Cost-Effective and Elastic Cloud Database Deployment via Memory Disaggregation 2021 VLDB 7.1396933e-05
3,641 OceanBase: A 707 Million tpmC Distributed Relational Database System 2022 VLDB 6.8877808e-05
4,131 B+-tree Index Optimization by Exploiting Internal Parallelism of Flash-based Solid State Drives 2012 VLDB 6.4203081e-05
4,268 Fast General Distributed Transactions with Opacity 2019 SIGMOD 6.2976914e-05
5,015 Design Guidelines for Correct, Efficient, and Scalable Synchronization using One-Sided RDMA 2023 SIGMOD 5.7517038e-05
5,482 Strong consistency is not hard to get: Two-Phase Locking and Two-Phase Commit on Thousands of Cores 2019 VLDB 5.4830927e-05
6,344 Taurus MM: bringing multi-master to the cloud 2023 VLDB 5.0970986e-05
6,466 NBTree: a Lock-free PM-friendly Persistent B+-Tree for eADR-enabled PM Systems 2022 VLDB 5.04625e-05
6,742 DEX: Scalable Range Indexing on Disaggregated Memory 2024 VLDB 4.9385502e-05
7,168 PolarDB-MP: A Multi-Primary Cloud-Native Database via Disaggregated Shared Memory 2024 SIGMOD 4.8073922e-05
7,684 TDSQL: Tencent Distributed Database System 2024 VLDB 4.6754482e-05
8,041 Epoxy: ACID Transactions Across Diverse Data Stores 2023 VLDB 4.5956688e-05
8,099 GaussDB: A Cloud-Native Multi-Primary Database with Compute-Memory-Storage Disaggregation 2024 VLDB 4.58218e-05
9,124 PolarDB-SCC: A Cloud-Native Database Ensuring Low Latency for Strongly Consistent Reads 2023 VLDB 4.3875066e-05
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