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The R*-tree: An Efficient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles

Summary: R*-tree: joint optimization of area, margin, and overlap in inner nodes for rectangles and multidimensional points. Extensive experiments on a standardized testbed show it outperforms Guttman’s linear/quadratic R-trees and Greene’s variant across point/rectangle queries and map overlay, with efficient data support and only modest implementation cost. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
2558
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
1990
Pagerank
0.001157935
Overall Rank
4 | 99.98%
DOI
10.1145/93597.98741

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{beckmann_sigmod90,
        title = {{The R*-tree: An Efficient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles}},
        author = {Beckmann, Norbert and Kriegel, Hans-Peter and Schneider, Ralf and Seeger, Bernhard},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '90},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/93597.98741},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/93597.98741},
        year = {1990}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 279 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
8,392 S3: Similarity Search in CAD Database Systems 1997 SIGMOD 5.4356884e-05
8,442 Efficient Geometry-based Similarity Search of 3D Spatial Databases 1999 SIGMOD 5.4246876e-05
8,575 LIT: Lightning-fast In-memory Temporal Indexing 2024 SIGMOD 5.4095946e-05
8,614 The Case for Distance-Bounded Spatial Approximations 2021 CIDR 5.4012875e-05
8,644 Incremental Partitioning for Efficient Spatial Data Analytics 2022 VLDB 5.3934068e-05
8,655 A Non-Linear Dimensionality-Reduction Technique for Fast Similarity Search in Large Databases 2006 SIGMOD 5.3910353e-05
8,659 Spatial Queries with Two kNN Predicates 2012 VLDB 5.3904242e-05
8,686 Rapidash: Efficient Detection of Constraint Violations 2024 VLDB 5.3849387e-05
8,689 Adaptive Index Structures 2002 VLDB 5.3843737e-05
8,796 The Impact of Global Clustering on Spatial Database Systems 1994 VLDB 5.3702721e-05
8,848 A Generalized Approach for Reducing Expensive Distance Calls for A Broad Class of Proximity Problems 2021 SIGMOD 5.3577837e-05
8,894 Distributed Evaluation of Top-k Temporal Joins 2016 SIGMOD 5.3504579e-05
8,986 One Seed, Two Birds: A Unified Learned Structure for Exact and Approximate Counting 2024 SIGMOD 5.3387783e-05
9,010 Determining the Impact Regions of Competing Options in Preference Space 2017 SIGMOD 5.3333957e-05
9,034 Fast and Adaptive Indexing of Multi-Dimensional Observational Data 2016 VLDB 5.3274671e-05
9,080 Processing Moving kNN Queries Using Influential Neighbor Sets 2015 VLDB 5.3251649e-05
9,099 Are Window Queries Representative For Arbitrary Range Queries? 1996 PODS 5.3250598e-05
9,104 Spatial Priority Search: An Access Technique for Scaleless Maps 1991 SIGMOD 5.3245105e-05
9,111 Efficient Algorithms for Finding Optimal Meeting Point on Road Networks 2011 VLDB 5.3221578e-05
9,233 Indexing Medium-dimensionality Data in Oracle 1999 SIGMOD 5.3017497e-05
9,234 On Optimal Node Splitting for R-trees 1998 VLDB 5.3017497e-05
9,236 Wolverine: Highly Efficient Monotonic Search Path Repair for Graph-based ANN Index Updates 2025 VLDB 5.3016261e-05
9,254 Boosting Moving Object Indexing through Velocity Partitioning 2012 VLDB 5.297624e-05
9,324 Main-Memory Operation Buffering for Efficient R-Tree Update 2007 VLDB 5.289545e-05
9,343 R-Tree Based Indexing of Now-Relative Bitemporal Data 1998 VLDB 5.2854091e-05
9,354 Range-based Obstructed Nearest Neighbor Queries 2016 SIGMOD 5.282937e-05
9,365 Rethinking Choices for Multi-dimensional Point Indexing: Making the Case for the Often Ignored Quadtree 2007 CIDR 5.279561e-05
9,417 Similarity Query Processing Using Disk Arrays 1998 SIGMOD 5.2740525e-05
9,431 Probabilistic Nearest Neighbor Queries on Uncertain Moving Object Trajectories 2014 VLDB 5.2704151e-05
9,544 SwiftSpatial: Spatial Joins on Modern Hardware 2025 SIGMOD 5.2528121e-05
9,581 A Generic Framework for Handling Uncertain Data with Local Correlations 2011 VLDB 5.2528121e-05
9,657 An Experimental Evaluation and Investigation of Waves of Misery in R-trees 2022 VLDB 5.2419252e-05
9,871 Finding Logic Bugs in Spatial Database Engines via Affine Equivalent Inputs 2024 SIGMOD 5.2043672e-05
9,887 Adaptive Indexing of Objects with Spatial Extent 2023 VLDB 5.2006273e-05
9,919 Select Edges Wisely: Monotonic Path Aware Graph Layout Optimization for Disk-based ANN Search 2025 VLDB 5.1955087e-05
9,974 PLATON: Top-down R-tree Packing with Learned Partition Policy 2023 SIGMOD 5.1845938e-05
10,015 Dynamic Update Cube for Range-Sum Queries 2001 VLDB 5.17669e-05
10,333 VecFlow: A High-Performance Vector Data Management System for Filtered-Search on GPUs 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,364 Efficient Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search via Hemi-Sphere Centroids Graph 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,447 Efficient and Robust Out-Of-Distribution Vector Similarity Search with Cross-Distribution Monotonic Graph 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,569 Toward Drift-Aware Database Benchmarking 2026 VLDB 5.093636e-05
10,601 Elastic Index Selection for Label-Hybrid AKNN Search 2026 VLDB 5.093636e-05
10,612 Index Intersection for High-Dimensional Range Queries 2026 VLDB 5.093636e-05
10,629 MS-Index: Fast Top-k Subsequence Search for Multivariate Time Series under Euclidean Distance 2026 VLDB 5.093636e-05
11,193 BT-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based Index for Big Trajectory Data 2024 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
11,332 High-Performance Spatial Data Analytics: Systematic R&D for Scale-Out and Scale-Up Solutions from the Past to Now 2024 VLDB 5.093636e-05
11,334 LARGE: A Length-Aggregation-based Grid Structure for Line Density Visualization 2024 VLDB 5.093636e-05
11,534 Faster and Better Solution to Embed Lp Metrics by Tree Metrics 2022 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
11,559 Approximate Range Thresholding 2022 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
11,565 tau-LevelIndex: Towards Efficient Query Processing in Continuous Preference Space 2022 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 2 of 2 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2 R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure For Spatial Searching 1984 SIGMOD 0.0020210012
116 Direct Spatial Search on Pictorial Databases Using Packed R-trees 1985 SIGMOD 0.0003221055
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