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LOF: Identifying Density-Based Local Outliers

Summary: Introduces Local Outlier Factor (LOF), a density-based, local, continuous score for how isolated an object is relative to its neighborhood. Formal analysis shows key properties; experiments on real data show LOF detects meaningful outliers missed by binary methods and remains practical. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
3176
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2000
Pagerank
0.00039846974
Overall Rank
161 | 98.89%
DOI
-

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

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Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 59 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
682 Quality and Efficiency in High Dimensional Nearest Neighbor Search 2009 SIGMOD 0.00018201541
701 Efficient Algorithms for Mining Outliers from Large Data Sets 2000 SIGMOD 0.00017938417
1,253 Anomaly Detection in Time Series: A Comprehensive Evaluation 2022 VLDB 0.00013032074
1,634 Exathlon: A Benchmark for Explainable Anomaly Detection over Time Series 2021 VLDB 0.00011058945
1,931 Efficient Processing of k Nearest Neighbor Joins using MapReduce 2012 VLDB 0.00010040427
2,029 SAND: Streaming Subsequence Anomaly Detection 2021 VLDB 9.740868e-05
2,158 Uni-Detect: A Unified Approach to Automated Error Detection in Tables 2019 SIGMOD 9.4141354e-05
2,381 TSB-UAD: An End-to-End Benchmark Suite for Univariate Time-Series Anomaly Detection 2022 VLDB 8.9327638e-05
2,506 Auto-Detect: Data-Driven Error Detection in Tables 2018 SIGMOD 8.6335464e-05
2,629 Online Outlier Detection in Sensor Data Using Non-Parametric Models 2006 VLDB 8.4160309e-05
2,644 Series2Graph: Graph-based Subsequence Anomaly Detection for Time Series 2020 VLDB 8.3832357e-05
3,171 Interactive Outlier Exploration in Big Data Streams 2014 VLDB 7.4447236e-05
3,943 Volume Under the Surface: A New Accuracy Evaluation Measure for Time-Series Anomaly Detection 2022 VLDB 6.6099833e-05
4,079 Choose Wisely: An Extensive Evaluation of Model Selection for Anomaly Detection in Time Series 2023 VLDB 6.4663636e-05
4,456 AutoOD: Automatic Outlier Detection 2023 SIGMOD 6.1704203e-05
4,552 Outlier Detection for High Dimensional Data 2001 SIGMOD 6.0922282e-05
4,554 A Demonstration of AutoOD: A Self-Tuning Anomaly Detection System 2022 VLDB 6.0911296e-05
4,584 Scalable Kernel Density Classification via Threshold-Based Pruning 2017 SIGMOD 6.0668364e-05
4,751 ODIN: Automated Drift Detection and Recovery in Video Analytics 2020 VLDB 5.9485403e-05
4,762 METER: A Dynamic Concept Adaptation Framework for Online Anomaly Detection 2024 VLDB 5.9395463e-05
4,853 Debunking Four Long-Standing Misconceptions of Time-Series Distance Measures 2020 SIGMOD 5.8760276e-05
4,868 DBPA: A Benchmark for Transactional Database Performance Anomalies 2023 SIGMOD 5.8629636e-05
5,468 Unsupervised Time Series Outlier Detection with Diversity-Driven Convolutional Ensembles 2022 VLDB 5.4902013e-05
5,636 GORDER: An Efficient Method for KNN Join Processing 2004 VLDB 5.3981191e-05
5,760 Outlier-robust Clustering using Independent Components 2008 SIGMOD 5.3382727e-05
5,777 ImDiffusion: Imputed Diffusion Models for Multivariate Time Series Anomaly Detection 2024 VLDB 5.3308813e-05
5,984 Streaming Anomaly Detection Using Randomized Matrix Sketching 2016 VLDB 5.244512e-05
6,107 Continuously Adaptive Similarity Search 2020 SIGMOD 5.2066612e-05
6,116 GraphAn: Graph-based Subsequence Anomaly Detection 2020 VLDB 5.2039218e-05
6,394 Pluto: Sample Selection for Robust Anomaly Detection on Polluted Log Data 2024 SIGMOD 5.0829207e-05
6,423 AutoTSAD: Unsupervised Holistic Anomaly Detection for Time Series Data 2024 VLDB 5.0670573e-05
7,223 Akane: Perplexity-Guided Time Series Data Cleaning 2024 SIGMOD 4.7965857e-05
7,371 Benchmarking the Utility of w-event Differential Privacy Mechanisms - When Baselines Become Mighty Competitors 2023 VLDB 4.7497236e-05
7,575 Human-in-the-loop Outlier Detection 2020 SIGMOD 4.7068909e-05
8,083 A New Distributional Treatment for Time Series and An Anomaly Detection Investigation 2022 VLDB 4.5903492e-05
8,157 TOD: GPU-accelerated Outlier Detection via Tensor Operations 2023 VLDB 4.5730908e-05
8,384 Consistent and Flexible Selectivity Estimation for High-Dimensional Data 2021 SIGMOD 4.5304673e-05
8,707 Multiple Dynamic Outlier-Detection from a Data Stream by Exploiting Duality of Data and Queries 2021 SIGMOD 4.463922e-05
9,420 Local Search Methods for k-Means with Outliers 2017 VLDB 4.3441378e-05
9,697 PCOR: Private Contextual Outlier Release via Differentially Private Search 2021 SIGMOD 4.3022295e-05
9,709 Outlier Summarization via Human Interpretable Rules 2024 VLDB 4.299267e-05
9,787 Distance-Based Outlier Detection: Consolidation and Renewed Bearing 2010 VLDB 4.2823546e-05
10,019 Guardrail: Automated Integrity Constraint Synthesis From Noisy Data 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,029 Outliers: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,140 Analyzing Deviations from Monotonic Trends through Database Repair 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,211 SHoTClean: Bridging Soft and Hard Constraints for Multivariate Time Series Cleaning 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,331 MS-Index: Fast Top-k Subsequence Search for Multivariate Time Series under Euclidean Distance 2026 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,466 A Structured Study of Multivariate Time-Series Distance Measures 2025 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,512 Auto-Test: Learning Semantic-Domain Constraints for Unsupervised Error Detection in Tables 2025 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,536 Noise Matters: Cross Contrastive Learning for Flink Anomaly Detection 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 11 of 11 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
27 Efficient and Effective Clustering Methods for Spatial Data Mining 1994 VLDB 0.00080736878
33 BIRCH: An Efficient Data Clustering Method for Very Large Databases 1996 SIGMOD 0.00077324389
79 A Quantitative Analysis and Performance Study for Similarity-Search Methods in High-Dimensional Spaces 1998 VLDB 0.00056242144
129 The X-tree: An Index Structure for High-Dimensional Data 1996 VLDB 0.0004429571
270 OPTICS: Ordering Points To Identify the Clustering Structure 1999 SIGMOD 0.00029505642
277 Automatic Subspace Clustering of High Dimensional Data for Data Mining Applications 1998 SIGMOD 0.00029311426
701 Efficient Algorithms for Mining Outliers from Large Data Sets 2000 SIGMOD 0.00017938417
774 Algorithms for Mining Distance-Based Outliers in Large Datasets 1998 VLDB 0.00016865771
1,097 STING : A Statistical Information Grid Approach to Spatial Data Mining 1997 VLDB 0.00014119975
1,538 WaveCluster: A Multi-Resolution Clustering Approach for Very Large Spatial Databases 1998 VLDB 0.00011464884
2,822 Finding Intensional Knowledge of Distance-Based Outliers 1999 VLDB 8.0608136e-05
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Semantically Similar Papers

Overall Rank Paper Year Venue Pagerank
701 Efficient Algorithms for Mining Outliers from Large Data Sets 2000 SIGMOD 0.00017938417
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2,629 Online Outlier Detection in Sensor Data Using Non-Parametric Models 2006 VLDB 8.4160309e-05
9,709 Outlier Summarization via Human Interpretable Rules 2024 VLDB 4.299267e-05
3,920 Continuous Outlier Detection in Data Streams: An Extensible Framework and State-Of-The-Art Algorithms 2013 SIGMOD 6.6309693e-05
7,575 Human-in-the-loop Outlier Detection 2020 SIGMOD 4.7068909e-05
9,420 Local Search Methods for k-Means with Outliers 2017 VLDB 4.3441378e-05
4,552 Outlier Detection for High Dimensional Data 2001 SIGMOD 6.0922282e-05
774 Algorithms for Mining Distance-Based Outliers in Large Datasets 1998 VLDB 0.00016865771
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