LOF: Identifying Density-Based Local Outliers

Summary: Introduces Local Outlier Factor (LOF), a density-based, local, continuous score for how isolated an object is relative to its neighborhood. Formal analysis shows key properties; experiments on real data show LOF detects meaningful outliers missed by binary methods and remains practical. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 3177
Venue: SIGMOD
Year: 2000
Pagerank: 0.00040135453
Overall Rank: 159 | 98.90%
DOI: -

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

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Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 10 of 60 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
10,545	Noise Matters: Cross Contrastive Learning for Flink Anomaly Detection	2025	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
10,588	Streaming Time Series Subsequence Anomaly Detection: A Glance and Focus Approach	2025	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
10,645	TAB: Unified Benchmarking of Time Series Anomaly Detection Methods	2025	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
10,745	TSB-AutoAD: Towards Automated Solutions for Time-Series Anomaly Detection	2025	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
10,837	Cardinality Estimation for Similarity Search on High-Dimensional Data Objects: The Impact of Reference Objects	2025	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
10,946	Efficient Algorithm for K-Multiple-Means	2024	SIGMOD	4.1905499e-05
11,237	Accelerating Similarity Search for Elastic Measures: A Study and New Generalization of Lower Bounding Distances	2023	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
11,252	CORE-Sketch: On Exact Computation of Median Absolute Deviation with Limited Space	2023	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
11,504	Comprehensible Counterfactual Explanation on Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test	2021	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
12,633	Systematic Development of Data Mining-Based Data Quality Tools	2003	VLDB	4.1905499e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 11 of 11 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
27	Efficient and Effective Clustering Methods for Spatial Data Mining	1994	VLDB	0.00080846213
33	BIRCH: An Efficient Data Clustering Method for Very Large Databases	1996	SIGMOD	0.00077399244
78	A Quantitative Analysis and Performance Study for Similarity-Search Methods in High-Dimensional Spaces	1998	VLDB	0.00056385781
129	The X-tree: An Index Structure for High-Dimensional Data	1996	VLDB	0.00044255276
263	OPTICS: Ordering Points To Identify the Clustering Structure	1999	SIGMOD	0.00029955858
277	Automatic Subspace Clustering of High Dimensional Data for Data Mining Applications	1998	SIGMOD	0.00029356968
697	Efficient Algorithms for Mining Outliers from Large Data Sets	2000	SIGMOD	0.00017964755
768	Algorithms for Mining Distance-Based Outliers in Large Datasets	1998	VLDB	0.00016864875
1,083	STING : A Statistical Information Grid Approach to Spatial Data Mining	1997	VLDB	0.00014181803
1,523	WaveCluster: A Multi-Resolution Clustering Approach for Very Large Spatial Databases	1998	VLDB	0.00011515189
2,826	Finding Intensional Knowledge of Distance-Based Outliers	1999	VLDB	8.0562807e-05

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