LOF: Identifying Density-Based Local Outliers

Summary: Introduces Local Outlier Factor (LOF), a density-based, local, continuous score for how isolated an object is relative to its neighborhood. Formal analysis shows key properties; experiments on real data show LOF detects meaningful outliers missed by binary methods and remains practical. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 3238
Venue: SIGMOD
Year: 2000
Pagerank: 0.0002962566
Overall Rank: 142 | 99.03%
DOI: 10.1145/342009.335388

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

1. Markus M. Breunig (University of Munich)
2. Hans-Peter Kriegel (University of Munich)
3. Raymond T. Ng (University of British Columbia)
4. Jörg Sander (University of Munich)

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{breunig_sigmod00,
        title = {{LOF: Identifying Density-Based Local Outliers}},
        author = {Breunig, Markus M. and Kriegel, Hans-Peter and Ng, Raymond T. and Sander, Jörg},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '00},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/342009.335388},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/342009.335388},
        year = {2000}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 12 of 62 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
10,629	MS-Index: Fast Top-k Subsequence Search for Multivariate Time Series under Euclidean Distance	2026	VLDB	5.093636e-05
10,747	A Structured Study of Multivariate Time-Series Distance Measures	2025	SIGMOD	5.093636e-05
10,785	Auto-Test: Learning Semantic-Domain Constraints for Unsupervised Error Detection in Tables	2025	SIGMOD	5.093636e-05
10,808	Noise Matters: Cross Contrastive Learning for Flink Anomaly Detection	2025	VLDB	5.093636e-05
10,843	Streaming Time Series Subsequence Anomaly Detection: A Glance and Focus Approach	2025	VLDB	5.093636e-05
10,977	TSB-AutoAD: Towards Automated Solutions for Time-Series Anomaly Detection	2025	VLDB	5.093636e-05
11,059	Cardinality Estimation for Similarity Search on High-Dimensional Data Objects: The Impact of Reference Objects	2025	VLDB	5.093636e-05
11,161	Efficient Algorithm for K-Multiple-Means	2024	SIGMOD	5.093636e-05
11,435	Accelerating Similarity Search for Elastic Measures: A Study and New Generalization of Lower Bounding Distances	2023	VLDB	5.093636e-05
11,450	CORE-Sketch: On Exact Computation of Median Absolute Deviation with Limited Space	2023	VLDB	5.093636e-05
11,698	Comprehensible Counterfactual Explanation on Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test	2021	VLDB	5.093636e-05
12,817	Systematic Development of Data Mining-Based Data Quality Tools	2003	VLDB	5.093636e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 11 of 11 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
31	BIRCH: An Efficient Data Clustering Method for Very Large Databases	1996	SIGMOD	0.00050347119
46	A Quantitative Analysis and Performance Study for Similarity-Search Methods in High-Dimensional Spaces	1998	VLDB	0.00044853085
85	The X-tree: An Index Structure for High-Dimensional Data	1996	VLDB	0.00035405879
88	Efficient and Effective Clustering Methods for Spatial Data Mining	1994	VLDB	0.00035240327
291	OPTICS: Ordering Points To Identify the Clustering Structure	1999	SIGMOD	0.00022264197
304	Automatic Subspace Clustering of High Dimensional Data for Data Mining Applications	1998	SIGMOD	0.00021917388
578	Efficient Algorithms for Mining Outliers from Large Data Sets	2000	SIGMOD	0.00016221871
693	Algorithms for Mining Distance-Based Outliers in Large Datasets	1998	VLDB	0.00014918477
1,285	STING: A Statistical Information Grid Approach to Spatial Data Mining	1997	VLDB	0.00011321748
1,941	WaveCluster: A Multi-Resolution Clustering Approach for Very Large Spatial Databases	1998	VLDB	9.4453261e-05
2,660	Finding Intensional Knowledge of Distance-Based Outliers	1999	VLDB	8.2869029e-05

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