F1 – The Fault-Tolerant Distributed RDBMS Supporting Google's Ad Business
Summary: F1 is a fault-tolerant distributed RDBMS for Google's ad stack, with transparent sharding, replication, and a parallel SQL engine. It combines NoSQL scalability with RDBMS guarantees, leveraging change tracking and indexing to hide write latency and boost throughput. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)
Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time
Authors
- 1. Jeff Shute
- 2. Mircea Oancea
- 3. Stephan Ellner
- 4. Ben Handy
- 5. Eric Rollins
- 6. Bart Samwel
- 7. Radek Vingralek
- 8. Chad Whipkey
- 9. Xin Chen
- 10. Beat Jegerlehner
- 11. Kyle Littlefield
- 12. Phoenix Tong
Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 11 of 11 citing papers.
| Rank | Citing Paper | Year | Venue | Pagerank |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 906 | F1: A Distributed SQL Database That Scales | 2013 | VLDB | 0.00015448884 |
| 1,015 | Spanner: Becoming a SQL System | 2017 | SIGMOD | 0.00014638696 |
| 1,853 | On Brewing Fresh Espresso: LinkedIn’s Distributed Data Serving Platform | 2013 | SIGMOD | 0.00010320369 |
| 3,628 | OceanBase: A 707 Million tpmC Distributed Relational Database System | 2022 | VLDB | 6.9031596e-05 |
| 3,880 | Caribou: Intelligent Distributed Storage | 2017 | VLDB | 6.6700303e-05 |
| 8,521 | The LAW theorem: Local Reads and Linearizable Asynchronous Replication | 2025 | VLDB | 4.4937074e-05 |
| 9,894 | OceanRT: Real-Time Analytics over Large Temporal Data | 2014 | SIGMOD | 4.2602616e-05 |
| 11,485 | Real-time Data Infrastructure at Uber | 2021 | SIGMOD | 4.1945683e-05 |
| 11,849 | The Challenges of Global-scale Data Management | 2016 | SIGMOD | 4.1945683e-05 |
| 12,003 | Datacenters as Computers: Google Engineering & Database Research Perspectives | 2014 | VLDB | 4.1945683e-05 |
| 12,093 | DAX: A Widely Distributed Multi-tenant Storage Service for DBMS Hosting | 2013 | VLDB | 4.1945683e-05 |
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 0 of 0 cited papers.
Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.
| Rank | Cited Paper | Year | Venue | Pagerank |
|---|
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Semantically Similar Papers
| Overall Rank | Paper | Year | Venue | Pagerank |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,700 | Bridging the Archipelago between Row-Stores and Column-Stores for Hybrid Workloads | 2016 | SIGMOD | 0.00010858865 |
| 2,834 | Low-Latency Multi-Datacenter Databases using Replicated Commit | 2013 | VLDB | 8.0458206e-05 |
| 3,430 | Towards Cost-Effective and Elastic Cloud Database Deployment via Memory Disaggregation | 2021 | VLDB | 7.1009617e-05 |
| 1,015 | Spanner: Becoming a SQL System | 2017 | SIGMOD | 0.00014638696 |
| 1,957 | On the Design and Scalability of Distributed Shared-Data Databases | 2015 | SIGMOD | 9.9598319e-05 |
| 189 | Megastore: Providing Scalable, Highly Available Storage for Interactive Services | 2011 | CIDR | 0.00035925334 |
| 3,768 | F1 Lightning: HTAP as a Service | 2020 | VLDB | 6.7782774e-05 |
| 4,055 | Online, Asynchronous Schema Change in F1 | 2013 | VLDB | 6.4910596e-05 |
| 3,355 | F1 Query: Declarative Querying at Scale | 2018 | VLDB | 7.1829142e-05 |
| 906 | F1: A Distributed SQL Database That Scales | 2013 | VLDB | 0.00015448884 |