SQL Schema Design: Foundations, Normal Forms, and Normalization

Summary: Proposes a new class of SQL-focused functional dependencies with axiomatic and linear-time implication, enabling a BCNF-like SQL normal form. For an expressive FD sub-class, a normalization algorithm yields Value-Redundancy Free Normal Form; some schemas resist BCNF, but experiments show these FDs are common in real data and reduce redundancies without loss. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 5267
Venue: SIGMOD
Year: 2016
Pagerank: 4.1905499e-05
Overall Rank: 11,862 | 17.56%
DOI: 10.1145/2882903.2915239

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

No non-self incoming citations found for this paper in this database.

Authors

1. Henning Köhler
2. Sebastian Link

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 7 of 7 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
3,824	Embedded Functional Dependencies and Data-completeness Tailored Database Design	2019	VLDB	6.7233576e-05
5,911	Normalizing Property Graphs	2023	VLDB	5.2718035e-05
7,361	Discovery Algorithms for Embedded Functional Dependencies	2020	SIGMOD	4.7469673e-05
8,087	Discovery and Ranking of Embedded Uniqueness Constraints	2019	VLDB	4.5858215e-05
8,472	DataProf: Semantic Profiling for Iterative Data Cleansing and Business Rule Acquisition	2018	SIGMOD	4.4985733e-05
11,176	Composite Object Normal Forms: Parameterizing Boyce-Codd Normal Form by the Number of Minimal Keys	2023	SIGMOD	4.1905499e-05
11,494	Logical Schema Design that Quantifies Update Inefficiency and Join Efficiency	2021	SIGMOD	4.1905499e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 4 of 4 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
355	Synthesizing Independent Database Schemas	1979	SIGMOD	0.00026204925
529	Database Relations with Null Values (Extended Abstract)	1982	PODS	0.00020825533
4,502	Possible and Certain SQL Keys	2015	VLDB	6.1322784e-05
12,227	When Data Dependencies over SQL Tables Meet the Logics of Paradox and S-3	2010	PODS	4.1905499e-05

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