Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes

Summary: Flood is a learnable, in-memory multi-dimensional index that jointly optimizes structure and data layout to adapt to a dataset and workload. It delivers up to three orders of magnitude faster range scans than state-of-the-art alternatives, a building block for end-to-end learned DB systems. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 5793
Venue: SIGMOD
Year: 2020
Pagerank: 0.0001184772
Overall Rank: 1,464 | 89.83%
DOI: 10.1145/3318464.3380579

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 70 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
819	ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index	2020	SIGMOD	0.00016237497
1,438	Benchmarking Learned Indexes	2021	VLDB	0.00011965956
1,608	Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics	2020	SIGMOD	0.00011169837
1,887	Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads	2021	VLDB	0.00010201938
2,550	Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions	2021	VLDB	8.5569576e-05
2,676	Effectively Learning Spatial Indices	2020	VLDB	8.326321e-05
2,769	FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation	2021	VLDB	8.1512848e-05
3,466	AI Meets Database: AI4DB and DB4AI	2021	SIGMOD	7.0645718e-05
3,492	Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation	2021	VLDB	7.0435484e-05
3,777	Instance-Optimized Data Layouts for Cloud Analytics Workloads	2021	SIGMOD	6.7713324e-05
3,945	APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory	2022	VLDB	6.605467e-05
4,056	Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready?	2022	VLDB	6.4905689e-05
4,069	CDFShop: Exploring and Optimizing Learned Index Structures	2020	SIGMOD	6.4744708e-05
4,431	Lightweight and Accurate Cardinality Estimation by Neural Network Gaussian Process	2022	SIGMOD	6.1870601e-05
4,448	Stable Learned Bloom Filters for Data Streams	2020	VLDB	6.1741316e-05
4,592	Auto-WLM: Machine Learning Enhanced Workload Management in Amazon Redshift	2023	SIGMOD	6.056004e-05
4,830	CARMI: A Cache-Aware Learned Index with a Cost-based Construction Algorithm	2022	VLDB	5.8884997e-05
5,072	Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation	2023	VLDB	5.7121108e-05
5,154	Hist-Tree: Those Who Ignore It Are Doomed to Learn	2021	CIDR	5.6548237e-05
5,289	LearnedSQLGen: Constraint-aware SQL Generation using Reinforcement Learning	2022	SIGMOD	5.5790771e-05
5,310	The Price of Tailoring the Index to Your Data: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Index Structures	2022	SIGMOD	5.5713508e-05
5,316	Cuckoo Index: A Lightweight Secondary Index Structure	2020	VLDB	5.5688295e-05
5,323	Can Learned Models Replace Hash Functions?	2023	VLDB	5.5671086e-05
5,327	DILI: A Distribution-Driven Learned Index	2023	VLDB	5.5660777e-05
5,463	The RLR-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based R-Tree for Spatial Data	2023	SIGMOD	5.4920768e-05
5,655	NFL: Robust Learned Index via Distribution Transformation	2022	VLDB	5.3877506e-05
5,682	LSched: A Workload-Aware Learned Query Scheduler for Analytical Database Systems	2022	SIGMOD	5.3752251e-05
5,787	Machine Learning for Databases	2021	VLDB	5.3256401e-05
5,844	Stage: Query Execution Time Prediction in Amazon Redshift	2024	SIGMOD	5.3060581e-05
6,237	Self-Organizing Data Containers	2022	CIDR	5.1371094e-05
6,298	Towards instance-optimized data systems	2021	VLDB	5.1182917e-05
6,442	Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices	2023	SIGMOD	5.0541252e-05
6,488	FILM: a Fully Learned Index for Larger-than-Memory Databases	2023	VLDB	5.0378878e-05
6,774	A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS	2022	CIDR	4.9253635e-05
6,806	LMSFC: A Novel Multidimensional Index based on Learned Monotonic Space Filling Curves	2023	VLDB	4.917024e-05
6,860	Detect, Distill and Update: Learned DB Systems Facing Out of Distribution Data	2023	SIGMOD	4.9008421e-05
6,962	Replicated Layout for In-Memory Database Systems	2022	VLDB	4.8771234e-05
7,389	Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk	2024	SIGMOD	4.7386163e-05
7,549	LIDER: An Efficient High-dimensional Learned Index for Large-scale Dense Passage Retrieval	2023	VLDB	4.7089636e-05
7,564	Modeling Shifting Workloads for Learned Database Systems	2024	SIGMOD	4.7049893e-05
7,870	SALI: A Scalable Adaptive Learned Index Framework based on Probability Models	2023	SIGMOD	4.6271153e-05
7,994	Blueprinting the Cloud: Unifying and Automatically Optimizing Cloud Data Infrastructures with BRAD	2024	VLDB	4.607322e-05
8,079	Accelerating String-key Learned Index Structures via Memoization-based Incremental Training	2024	VLDB	4.5873372e-05
8,223	Automated Multidimensional Data Layouts in Amazon Redshift	2024	SIGMOD	4.5509217e-05
8,354	Waffle: A Workload-Aware and Query-Sensitive Framework for Disk-Based Spatial Indexing	2023	VLDB	4.5329424e-05
8,411	The Case for Learned In-Memory Joins	2023	VLDB	4.5151296e-05
8,434	SageDB: An Instance-Optimized Data Analytics System	2022	VLDB	4.5077955e-05
8,636	WISK: A Workload-aware Learned Index for Spatial Keyword Queries	2023	SIGMOD	4.4758336e-05
8,648	HAP: An Efficient Hamming Space Index Based on Augmented Pigeonhole Principle	2022	SIGMOD	4.4718808e-05
8,668	Algorithmic Complexity Attacks on Dynamic Learned Indexes	2024	VLDB	4.4671214e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 19 of 19 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
20	C-Store: A Column-oriented DBMS	2005	VLDB	0.00086163998
32	Differential Files: Their Application To The Maintenance Of Large Data Bases	1976	SIGMOD	0.00077553033
101	The Case for Learned Index Structures	2018	SIGMOD	0.00049778866
237	An Efficient, Cost-Driven Index Selection Tool for Microsoft SQL Server	1997	VLDB	0.00031727601
310	The Vertica Analytic Database: C-Store 7 Years Later	2012	VLDB	0.0002815547
407	Database Cracking	2007	CIDR	0.00023941779
649	Progressive Approximate Aggregate Queries with a Multi-Resolution Tree Structure	2001	SIGMOD	0.00018652362
704	Query-based Workload Forecasting for Self-Driving Database Management Systems	2018	SIGMOD	0.00017785557
796	SageDB: A Learned Database System	2019	CIDR	0.00016541749
819	ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index	2020	SIGMOD	0.00016237497
1,536	Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions	2011	VLDB	0.00011458359
1,727	QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models	2020	SIGMOD	0.00010731889
2,153	The Data Calculator*: Data Structure Design and Cost Synthesis from First Principles and Learned Cost Models	2018	SIGMOD	9.418541e-05
2,231	Self-organizing Tuple Reconstruction in Column-stores	2009	SIGMOD	9.2367968e-05
2,492	Integrating the UB-Tree into a Database System Kernel	2000	VLDB	8.649434e-05
2,841	Correlation Maps: A Compressed Access Method for Exploiting Soft Functional Dependencies	2009	VLDB	8.0396876e-05
2,868	Designing Succinct Secondary Indexing Mechanism by Exploiting Column Correlations	2019	SIGMOD	7.9856878e-05
2,979	The Uncracked Pieces in Database Cracking	2014	VLDB	7.7833926e-05
5,013	Twin Grid Files: Space Optimizing Access Schemes	1988	SIGMOD	5.7533424e-05

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9,769	Adaptive Indexing of Objects with Spatial Extent	2023	VLDB	4.2815042e-05
1,184	On Effective Multi-Dimensional Indexing for Strings	2000	SIGMOD	0.00013442644
1,438	Benchmarking Learned Indexes	2021	VLDB	0.00011965956
10,326	Index Intersection for High-Dimensional Range Queries	2026	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
4,056	Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready?	2022	VLDB	6.4905689e-05
1,485	On the Analysis of Indexing Schemes	1997	PODS	0.00011698762
5,072	Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation	2023	VLDB	5.7121108e-05
1,887	Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads	2021	VLDB	0.00010201938
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