Text-to-SQL Benchmarks are Broken: An In-Depth Analysis of Annotation Errors
Summary: Audit of BIRD and Spider 2.0‑Snow finds 52.8% and 66.1% annotation errors (wrong gold SQLs, ambiguity), invalidating much benchmark signal. Re-evaluation of five models shows −3% to +31% shifts and up to three-rank changes, demanding higher-quality benchmarks and improved annotation pipelines. (summarized by gpt-5-mini on Feb 09 2026)
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Authors
- 1. Tengjun Jin (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)
- 2. Yoojin Choi (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)
- 3. Yuxuan Zhu (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)
- 4. Daniel Kang (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)
BibTeX Citation
@inproceedings{jin_cidr26,
address = {Amsterdam, Netherlands},
series = {{CIDR} '26},
title = {{Text-to-SQL Benchmarks are Broken: An In-Depth Analysis of Annotation Errors}},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Conference} on {Innovative} {Data} {Systems} {Research}},
author = {Jin, Tengjun and Choi, Yoojin and Zhu, Yuxuan and Kang, Daniel},
year = {2026}
}Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 6 of 6 cited papers.
Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.
| Rank | Cited Paper | Year | Venue | Pagerank |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 45 | Benchmarking Database Systems: A Systematic Approach | 1983 | VLDB | 0.00045531113 |
| 279 | Text-to-SQL Empowered by Large Language Models: A Benchmark Evaluation | 2024 | VLDB | 0.00022468369 |
| 476 | The Making of TPC-DS | 2006 | VLDB | 0.00017860667 |
| 2,174 | A Methodology for Database System Performance Evaluation | 1984 | SIGMOD | 9.0245092e-05 |
| 2,395 | OmniSQL: Synthesizing High-quality Text-to-SQL Data at Scale | 2025 | VLDB | 8.6355093e-05 |
| 2,710 | OpenSearch-SQL: Enhancing Text-to-SQL with Dynamic Few-shot and Consistency Alignment | 2025 | SIGMOD | 8.2206448e-05 |
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