BullFrog: Online Schema Evolution via Lazy Evaluation

Summary: BullFrog enables online, single-step schema migrations with no downtime by lazily migrating data on access. A PostgreSQL extension enabling concurrency control and exactly-once migration; experiments on a TPC-C-like workload show near-zero throughput and latency impact. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 6122
Venue: SIGMOD
Year: 2021
Pagerank: 4.6263924e-05
Overall Rank: 7,886 | 45.14%
DOI: 10.1145/3448016.3452842

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 4 of 4 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
5,411	Beyond Relations: A Case for Elevating to the Entity-Relationship Abstraction	2025	CIDR	5.5207515e-05
7,469	Bullion: A Column Store for Machine Learning	2025	CIDR	4.7204398e-05
8,806	Online Schema Evolution is (Almost) Free for Snapshot Databases	2023	VLDB	4.446517e-05
10,764	MD-MVCC: Multi-version Concurrency Control for Schema Changes in Azure SQL Database	2025	VLDB	4.1945683e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 8 of 8 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
340	OLTP-Bench: An Extensible Testbed for Benchmarking Relational Databases	2014	VLDB	0.00026841628
892	Zephyr: Live Migration in Shared Nothing Databases for Elastic Cloud Platforms	2011	SIGMOD	0.00015559876
1,121	Albatross: Lightweight Elasticity in Shared Storage Databases for the Cloud using Live Data Migration	2011	VLDB	0.00013856011
1,521	High Performance Transactions via Early Write Visibility	2017	VLDB	0.00011532045
3,512	Feral Concurrency Control: An Empirical Investigation of Modern Application Integrity	2015	SIGMOD	7.0250008e-05
3,605	Lazy Evaluation of Transactions in Database Systems	2014	SIGMOD	6.9281695e-05
4,055	Online, Asynchronous Schema Change in F1	2013	VLDB	6.4910596e-05
6,578	Madeus: Database Live Migration Middleware under Heavy Workloads for Cloud Environment	2015	SIGMOD	5.0037147e-05

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