PG-Keys: Keys for Property Graphs

Summary: PG-Keys proposes a flexible key-constraint framework for property graphs (nodes, edges, properties) with modes exclusive, mandatory, and singleton to enforce data integrity and enable cross-entity referencing. Built by LDBC's Property Graph Schema WG to steer ISO GQL standardization toward constraint-aware, expressive graph schemas. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 6250
Venue: SIGMOD
Year: 2021
Pagerank: 7.2437997e-05
Overall Rank: 3,306 | 77.01%
DOI: 10.1145/3448016.3457561

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 23 of 23 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
1,785	PG-Schema: Schemas for Property Graphs	2023	SIGMOD	0.00010560236
2,505	Graph Pattern Matching in GQL and SQL/PGQ	2022	SIGMOD	8.634551e-05
5,517	Representing Paths in Graph Database Pattern Matching	2023	VLDB	5.4626107e-05
5,659	Implementation Strategies for Views over Property Graphs	2024	SIGMOD	5.3847762e-05
5,910	Normalizing Property Graphs	2023	VLDB	5.2768691e-05
6,896	Containment of Graph Queries Modulo Schema	2024	PODS	4.8925595e-05
7,033	DuckPGQ: Bringing SQL/PGQ to DuckDB	2023	VLDB	4.8551607e-05
7,735	AeonG: An Efficient Built-in Temporal Support in Graph Databases	2024	VLDB	4.6644355e-05
8,943	Towards Theory for Real-World Data	2022	PODS	4.4258797e-05
9,034	Transforming RDF Graphs to Property Graphs using Standardized Schemas	2024	SIGMOD	4.4039656e-05
9,153	PG-Triggers: Triggers for Property Graphs	2024	SIGMOD	4.3849295e-05
9,676	Schema-Based Query Optimisation for Graph Databases	2025	SIGMOD	4.3047774e-05
10,235	Repairing Property Graphs under PG-Constraints	2026	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
10,250	Structural Normalization of Property Graphs	2026	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
10,376	Entity/Relationship Graphs: Principled Design, Modeling, and Data Integrity Management of Graph Databases	2025	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
10,520	LICS: Towards Theory-Informed Effective Visual Abstraction of Property Graph Schemas	2025	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
10,715	What If: Causal Analysis with Graph Databases	2025	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
10,785	GalaxyWeaver: Autonomous Table-to-Graph Conversion and Schema Optimization with Large Language Models	2025	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
10,834	When Entity/Relationship Models Meet Graph Databases	2025	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
10,839	Property Graph Standards: State of the Art & Open Challenges	2025	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
10,845	Versatile Property Graph Transformations	2025	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
11,076	KGFabric: A Scalable Knowledge Graph Warehouse for Enterprise Data Interconnection	2024	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
11,079	Complex-Path: Effective and Efficient Node Ranking with Paths in Billion-Scale Heterogeneous Graphs	2024	VLDB	4.1945683e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 13 of 13 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
95	Maintaining Views Incrementally	1993	SIGMOD	0.00050896659
481	Incremental Maintenance of Views with Duplicates	1995	SIGMOD	0.00022167223
536	The LDBC Social Network Benchmark: Interactive Workload	2015	SIGMOD	0.00020722862
690	An Analytical Study of Large SPARQL Query Logs	2018	VLDB	0.00018099792
789	Cypher: An Evolving Query Language for Property Graphs	2018	SIGMOD	0.00016634256
964	G-CORE: A Core for Future Graph Query Languages	2018	SIGMOD	0.0001497475
2,527	Dependencies for Graphs	2017	PODS	8.5954406e-05
2,826	Regular Path Query Evaluation on Streaming Graphs	2020	SIGMOD	8.056119e-05
3,694	Keys for Graphs	2015	VLDB	6.8345712e-05
4,198	Aggregation Support for Modern Graph Analytics in TigerGraph	2020	SIGMOD	6.3677305e-05
7,506	BonXai: Combining the simplicity of DTD with the expressiveness of XML Schema	2015	PODS	4.7180617e-05
8,068	Updating Graph Databases with Cypher	2019	VLDB	4.5934689e-05
8,803	Coping with Incomplete Data: Recent Advances	2020	PODS	4.4470842e-05

Semantically Similar Papers

Overall Rank	Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
9,037	Transforming Property Graphs	2024	VLDB	4.4039656e-05
7,713	GQL and SQL/PGQ: Theoretical Models and Expressive Power	2025	VLDB	4.6712228e-05
10,376	Entity/Relationship Graphs: Principled Design, Modeling, and Data Integrity Management of Graph Databases	2025	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
9,034	Transforming RDF Graphs to Property Graphs using Standardized Schemas	2024	SIGMOD	4.4039656e-05
10,250	Structural Normalization of Property Graphs	2026	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
5,651	GPC: A Pattern Calculus for Property Graphs	2023	PODS	5.3905536e-05
10,845	Versatile Property Graph Transformations	2025	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
2,505	Graph Pattern Matching in GQL and SQL/PGQ	2022	SIGMOD	8.634551e-05
10,839	Property Graph Standards: State of the Art & Open Challenges	2025	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
1,785	PG-Schema: Schemas for Property Graphs	2023	SIGMOD	0.00010560236