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An Elephant Under The Microscope: Analyzing The Interaction Of Optimizer Components In PostgreSQL

Summary: Comprehensive experimental study of PostgreSQL's optimizer core: statistics, cardinality estimation, cost model, and plan generation. It reveals cross-component interactions and offers guidance for optimizer research and engineering. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
7008
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2025
Pagerank
4.2294678e-05
Overall Rank
9,960 | 30.72%
DOI
10.1145/3709659

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Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0040449103
71 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00059038975
204 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00034784455
333 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00027206884
608 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00019235898
629 Preventing Bad Plans by Bounding the Impact of Cardinality Estimation Errors 2009 VLDB 0.00018942366
640 Bao: Making Learned Query Optimization Practical 2021 SIGMOD 0.00018759152
758 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.0001706608
910 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00015423056
1,070 Analyzing Plan Diagrams of Database Query Optimizers 2005 VLDB 0.00014316791
1,105 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.00013990395
1,254 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00013027411
1,300 The Picasso Database Query Optimizer Visualizer 2010 VLDB 0.00012733214
1,341 Dynamic Programming Strikes Back 2008 SIGMOD 0.00012486285
1,638 Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation 2022 VLDB 0.00011049779
1,703 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00010836769
1,737 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010720294
2,121 Balsa: Learning a Query Optimizer Without Expert Demonstrations 2022 SIGMOD 9.5017232e-05
2,142 Pessimistic Cardinality Estimation: Tighter Upper Bounds for Intermediate Join Cardinalities 2019 SIGMOD 9.4507296e-05
2,364 Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries 2020 SIGMOD 8.9554751e-05
2,762 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 8.1585394e-05
2,783 Flow-Loss: Learning Cardinality Estimates That Matter 2021 VLDB 8.1293383e-05
3,266 Learned Cardinality Estimation: An In-depth Study 2022 SIGMOD 7.3074684e-05
3,348 Lero: A Learning-to-Rank Query Optimizer 2023 VLDB 7.1904529e-05
3,449 Learned Cardinality Estimation: A Design Space Exploration and A Comparative Evaluation 2022 VLDB 7.0824319e-05
3,499 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 7.0376445e-05
3,727 Cost-based or Learning-based? A Hybrid Query Optimizer for Query Plan Selection 2022 VLDB 6.8141709e-05
3,828 Zero-Shot Cost Models for Out-of-the-box Learned Cost Prediction 2022 VLDB 6.7208524e-05
3,924 A Unified Deep Model of Learning from both Data and Queries for Cardinality Estimation 2021 SIGMOD 6.6271553e-05
3,990 FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries 2023 SIGMOD 6.5581983e-05
4,359 Astrid: Accurate Selectivity Estimation for String Predicates using Deep Learning 2021 VLDB 6.2569955e-05
4,417 Robust Query Driven Cardinality Estimation under Changing Workloads 2023 VLDB 6.2037371e-05
4,462 LOGER: A Learned Optimizer towards Generating Efficient and Robust Query Execution Plans 2023 VLDB 6.1611784e-05
4,523 Simplicity Done Right for Join Ordering 2021 CIDR 6.1135504e-05
5,334 LEON: A New Framework for ML-Aided Query Optimization 2023 VLDB 5.5649836e-05
5,423 Kepler: Robust Learning for Faster Parametric Query Optimization 2023 SIGMOD 5.5130233e-05
5,633 Analyzing the Impact of Cardinality Estimation on Execution Plans in Microsoft SQL Server 2023 VLDB 5.4011156e-05
5,640 AutoSteer: Learned Query Optimization for Any SQL Database 2023 VLDB 5.3933314e-05
5,880 COMPASS: Online Sketch-based Query Optimization for In-Memory Databases 2021 SIGMOD 5.2898074e-05
5,930 FASTgres: Making Learned Query Optimizer Hinting Effective 2023 VLDB 5.2682075e-05
5,972 SafeBound: A Practical System for Generating Cardinality Bounds 2023 SIGMOD 5.2474768e-05
6,667 Leveraging Query Logs and Machine Learning for Parametric Query Optimization 2022 VLDB 4.9688874e-05
7,011 Simple Adaptive Query Processing vs. Learned Query Optimizers: Observations and Analysis 2023 VLDB 4.8629458e-05
7,221 Speeding Up End-to-end Query Execution via Learning-based Progressive Cardinality Estimation 2023 SIGMOD 4.797194e-05
7,330 Lemo: A Cache-Enhanced Learned Optimizer for Concurrent Queries 2023 SIGMOD 4.7609373e-05
7,753 Rethinking Learned Cost Models: Why Start from Scratch? 2023 SIGMOD 4.660151e-05
8,164 Efficiently Computing Join Orders with Heuristic Search 2023 SIGMOD 4.5718104e-05
8,624 A Study of Database Performance Sensitivity to Experiment Settings 2022 VLDB 4.483049e-05
9,108 BASE: Bridging the Gap between Cost and Latency for Query Optimization 2023 VLDB 4.3950066e-05
9,628 Approximate Sketches 2024 SIGMOD 4.3143499e-05
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