How to Grow an LSM-tree? Towards Bridging the Gap Between Theory and Practice

Summary: Vertiorizon adaptively blends vertical and horizontal LSM-tree growth to balance lookups, updates, and space. It generalizes Bentley–Saxe’s theory to optimize read-write costs, outperforming pure vertical designs and greatly reducing space compared with horizontal; RocksDB integration shows improved writes with ~6× less extra space. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 7234
Venue: SIGMOD
Year: 2025
Pagerank: 4.5434069e-05
Overall Rank: 8,339 | 41.99%
DOI: 10.1145/3725310

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 4 of 4 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
8,805	ArceKV: Towards Workload-driven LSM-compactions for Key-Value Store Under Dynamic Workloads	2026	VLDB	4.4466855e-05
10,021	Hourglass: An Adaptive Range Filter with Lightweight Hybrid Encoding	2026	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
10,318	Terark-DS: A High-Performance and Storage-Efficient Key-Value Separation Storage Engine on Disaggregated Storage	2026	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
10,712	DobLIX: A Dual-Objective Learned Index for Log-Structured Merge Trees	2025	VLDB	4.1945683e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 24 of 24 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
379	bLSM: A General Purpose Log Structured Merge Tree	2012	SIGMOD	0.0002493527
609	Monkey: Optimal Navigable Key-Value Store	2017	SIGMOD	0.0001923446
1,169	SuRF: Practical Range Query Filtering with Fast Succinct Tries	2018	SIGMOD	0.00013536447
1,311	Dostoevsky: Better Space-Time Trade-Offs for LSM-Tree Based Key-Value Stores via Adaptive Removal of Superfluous Merging	2018	SIGMOD	0.00012657439
1,366	SlimDB: A Space-Efficient Key-Value Storage Engine For Semi-Sorted Data	2017	VLDB	0.00012357685
1,438	AsterixDB: A Scalable, Open Source BDMS	2014	VLDB	0.00011973592
1,960	Compaction management in distributed key-value datastores	2015	VLDB	9.9521444e-05
2,004	X-Engine: An Optimized Storage Engine for Large-scale E-commerce Transaction Processing	2019	SIGMOD	9.811707e-05
2,109	The Log-Structured Merge-Bush & the Wacky Continuum	2019	SIGMOD	9.5318694e-05
2,606	Design Continuums and the Path Toward Self-Designing Key-Value Stores that Know and Learn	2019	CIDR	8.4645832e-05
2,798	Chucky: A Succinct Cuckoo Filter for LSM-Tree	2021	SIGMOD	8.1080111e-05
3,386	Lethe: A Tunable Delete-Aware LSM Engine	2020	SIGMOD	7.1577103e-05
3,544	Rosetta: A Robust Space-Time Optimized Range Filter for Key-Value Stores	2020	SIGMOD	6.9898874e-05
3,564	Accordion: Better Memory Organization for LSM Key-Value Stores	2018	VLDB	6.9669032e-05
3,965	Spooky: Granulating LSM-Tree Compactions Correctly	2022	VLDB	6.5820028e-05
4,227	Cosine: A Cloud-Cost Optimized Self-Designing Key-Value Storage Engine	2022	VLDB	6.3434324e-05
4,427	TreeLine: An Update-In-Place Key-Value Store for Modern Storage	2023	VLDB	6.1965873e-05
4,588	Leaper: A Learned Prefetcher for Cache Invalidation in LSM-tree based Storage Engines	2020	VLDB	6.0655418e-05
4,835	Proteus: A Self-Designing Range Filter	2022	SIGMOD	5.8905445e-05
5,535	Lightweight Cardinality Estimation in LSM-based Systems	2018	SIGMOD	5.4539235e-05
5,863	GRF: A Global Range Filter for LSM-Trees with Shape Encoding	2024	SIGMOD	5.2979639e-05
5,918	Breaking Down Memory Walls: Adaptive Memory Management in LSM-based Storage Systems	2021	VLDB	5.2737135e-05
6,398	Endure: A Robust Tuning Paradigm for LSM Trees Under Workload Uncertainty	2022	VLDB	5.0819209e-05
9,071	Structural Designs Meet Optimality: Exploring Optimized LSM-tree Structures in A Colossal Configuration Space	2024	SIGMOD	4.4025274e-05

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Overall Rank	Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
3,793	Constructing and Analyzing the LSM Compaction Design Space	2021	VLDB	6.7617833e-05
9,071	Structural Designs Meet Optimality: Exploring Optimized LSM-tree Structures in A Colossal Configuration Space	2024	SIGMOD	4.4025274e-05
1,366	SlimDB: A Space-Efficient Key-Value Storage Engine For Semi-Sorted Data	2017	VLDB	0.00012357685
9,386	Rethinking The Compaction Policies in LSM-trees	2025	SIGMOD	4.3455975e-05
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7,343	LSM-Trees and B-Trees: The Best of Both Worlds	2019	SIGMOD	4.7568442e-05
11,704	Splaying Log-Structured Merge-Trees	2018	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
9,317	Are Joins over LSM-trees Ready? Take RocksDB as an Example	2025	VLDB	4.3556432e-05
5,791	Dissecting, Designing, and Optimizing LSM-based Data Stores	2022	SIGMOD	5.3268999e-05
7,218	Breaking Down Memory Walls in LSM-based Storage Systems	2020	SIGMOD	4.7982543e-05