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Athena: An Effective Learning-based Framework for Query Optimizer Performance Improvement

Summary: Athena is a learning-based framework that enhances query optimizer performance by expanding plan exploration and improving learning from executions. It features an order-centric plan explorer, a Tree-Mamba plan comparator, and a time-weighted loss, is implemented on PostgreSQL, and yields multi-benchmark speedups over vanilla PostgreSQL and Lero; open-sourced and portable. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
7283
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2025
Pagerank
4.2751057e-05
Overall Rank
9,825 | 31.65%
DOI
10.1145/3725395

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Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 1 of 1 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
10,227 Sample-based Distinct Cardinality Estimation for Multiple Attributes in Multi-Dataset Queries 2026 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 40 of 40 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0040449103
44 The Design Of Postgres 1986 SIGMOD 0.00071838587
71 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00059038975
182 LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer 2001 VLDB 0.00036962631
204 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00034784455
333 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00027206884
488 TiDB: A Raft-based HTAP Database 2020 VLDB 0.000220409
608 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00019235898
640 Bao: Making Learned Query Optimization Practical 2021 SIGMOD 0.00018759152
758 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.0001706608
806 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.00016434274
884 Plan-Structured Deep Neural Network Models for Query Performance Prediction 2019 VLDB 0.00015654004
910 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00015423056
1,254 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00013027411
1,638 Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation 2022 VLDB 0.00011049779
2,121 Balsa: Learning a Query Optimizer Without Expert Demonstrations 2022 SIGMOD 9.5017232e-05
2,364 Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries 2020 SIGMOD 8.9554751e-05
2,691 Greenplum: A Hybrid Database for Transactional and Analytical Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 8.2909126e-05
2,762 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 8.1585394e-05
2,783 Flow-Loss: Learning Cardinality Estimates That Matter 2021 VLDB 8.1293383e-05
2,985 DSB: A Decision Support Benchmark for Workload-Driven and Traditional Database Systems 2021 VLDB 7.7795847e-05
3,348 Lero: A Learning-to-Rank Query Optimizer 2023 VLDB 7.1904529e-05
3,499 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 7.0376445e-05
3,924 A Unified Deep Model of Learning from both Data and Queries for Cardinality Estimation 2021 SIGMOD 6.6271553e-05
3,990 FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries 2023 SIGMOD 6.5581983e-05
4,417 Robust Query Driven Cardinality Estimation under Changing Workloads 2023 VLDB 6.2037371e-05
4,462 LOGER: A Learned Optimizer towards Generating Efficient and Robust Query Execution Plans 2023 VLDB 6.1611784e-05
4,543 FACE: A Normalizing Flow based Cardinality Estimator 2022 VLDB 6.1011198e-05
5,401 ALECE: An Attention-based Learned Cardinality Estimator for SPJ Queries on Dynamic Workloads 2024 VLDB 5.5285035e-05
5,423 Kepler: Robust Learning for Faster Parametric Query Optimization 2023 SIGMOD 5.5130233e-05
5,972 SafeBound: A Practical System for Generating Cardinality Bounds 2023 SIGMOD 5.2474768e-05
6,383 Sample-Efficient Cardinality Estimation Using Geometric Deep Learning 2024 VLDB 5.0884322e-05
7,123 ASM: Harmonizing Autoregressive Model, Sampling, and Multi-dimensional Statistics Merging for Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 4.8251036e-05
7,186 LPLM: A Neural Language Model for Cardinality Estimation of LIKE-Queries 2024 SIGMOD 4.8063731e-05
7,221 Speeding Up End-to-end Query Execution via Learning-based Progressive Cardinality Estimation 2023 SIGMOD 4.797194e-05
7,330 Lemo: A Cache-Enhanced Learned Optimizer for Concurrent Queries 2023 SIGMOD 4.7609373e-05
7,610 Learning to be a Statistician: Learned Estimator for Number of Distinct Values 2022 VLDB 4.6965039e-05
8,697 Convolution and Cross-Correlation of Count Sketches Enables Fast Cardinality Estimation of Multi-Join Queries 2024 SIGMOD 4.4657888e-05
8,948 One Seed, Two Birds: A Unified Learned Structure for Exact and Approximate Counting 2024 SIGMOD 4.423786e-05
9,388 CEDA: Learned Cardinality Estimation with Domain Adaptation 2023 VLDB 4.3443083e-05
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Overall Rank Paper Year Venue Pagerank
5,423 Kepler: Robust Learning for Faster Parametric Query Optimization 2023 SIGMOD 5.5130233e-05
10,219 Practical Parameterized Query Optimization via Efficient Plan Reuse and List-wise Ranking 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
9,345 LIMAO: A Framework for Lifelong Modular Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.3536343e-05
3,727 Cost-based or Learning-based? A Hybrid Query Optimizer for Query Plan Selection 2022 VLDB 6.8141709e-05
5,640 AutoSteer: Learned Query Optimization for Any SQL Database 2023 VLDB 5.3933314e-05
333 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00027206884
10,880 RankPQO: Learning-to-Rank for Parametric Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
3,348 Lero: A Learning-to-Rank Query Optimizer 2023 VLDB 7.1904529e-05
7,008 Is Your Learned Query Optimizer Behaving As You Expect? A Machine Learning Perspective 2024 VLDB 4.8643538e-05
11,350 DeepO: A Learned Query Optimizer 2022 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05