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FACE: A Normalizing Flow based Cardinality Estimator

Summary: FACE applies normalizing flows to data-driven cardinality estimation, learning continuous joint distributions that capture column dependencies with compact models. Dequantization, string-LIKE encoding/indexing, and Monte Carlo inference deliver higher accuracy at comparable latency and model size. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
13132
Venue
VLDB
Year
2022
Pagerank
7.201795e-05
Overall Rank
3,688 | 74.70%
DOI
10.14778/3485450.3485458

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{wang_vldb22,
        title = {{FACE: A Normalizing Flow based Cardinality Estimator}},
        author = {Wang, Jiayi and Chai, Chengliang and Liu, Jiabin and Li, Guoliang},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '22},
        volume = {15},
        number = {1},
        pages = {72--84},
        doi = {10.14778/3485450.3485458},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3485450.3485458},
        year = {2022}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 32 of 32 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2,762 Cost-based or Learning-based? A Hybrid Query Optimizer for Query Plan Selection 2022 VLDB 8.1539867e-05
2,991 FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries 2023 SIGMOD 7.8880723e-05
3,792 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB 7.1220982e-05
4,349 ALECE: An Attention-based Learned Cardinality Estimator for SPJ Queries on Dynamic Workloads 2024 VLDB 6.7504619e-05
4,434 LEON: A New Framework for ML-Aided Query Optimization 2023 VLDB 6.7079088e-05
5,169 LearnedSQLGen: Constraint-aware SQL Generation using Reinforcement Learning 2022 SIGMOD 6.3349035e-05
5,388 Fine-Grained Modeling and Optimization for Intelligent Resource Management in Big Data Processing 2022 VLDB 6.2362811e-05
5,576 SafeBound: A Practical System for Generating Cardinality Bounds 2023 SIGMOD 6.1663946e-05
6,543 Speeding Up End-to-end Query Execution via Learning-based Progressive Cardinality Estimation 2023 SIGMOD 5.8461929e-05
6,704 ASM: Harmonizing Autoregressive Model, Sampling, and Multi-dimensional Statistics Merging for Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.797374e-05
7,112 Coresets over Multiple Tables for Feature-rich and Data-efficient Machine Learning 2023 VLDB 5.6990782e-05
7,391 CommunityAF: An Example-based Community Search Method via Autoregressive Flow 2023 VLDB 5.626608e-05
7,439 AOP: Automated and Interactive LLM Pipeline Orchestration for Answering Complex Queries 2025 CIDR 5.6181103e-05
8,042 Grep: A Graph Learning Based Database Partitioning System 2023 SIGMOD 5.5015896e-05
8,615 A Spark Optimizer for Adaptive, Fine-Grained Parameter Tuning 2024 VLDB 5.4005602e-05
8,643 PACE: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.3940849e-05
8,849 ByteCard: Enhancing ByteDance’s Data Warehouse with Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.3577504e-05
9,192 Efficient and Effective Cardinality Estimation for Skyline Family 2023 SIGMOD 5.3058708e-05
9,433 FEBench: A Benchmark for Real-Time Relational Data Feature Extraction 2023 VLDB 5.2696166e-05
9,793 Selectivity Estimation for Queries Containing Predicates over Set-Valued Attributes 2023 SIGMOD 5.2193018e-05
9,844 Cardinality Estimation of LIKE Predicate Queries using Deep Learning 2025 SIGMOD 5.2094602e-05
9,971 Athena: An Effective Learning-based Framework for Query Optimizer Performance Improvement 2025 SIGMOD 5.1845938e-05
9,996 Path-centric Cardinality Estimation for Subgraph Matching 2025 VLDB 5.1814573e-05
10,097 SSCard: Substring Cardinality Estimation using Suffix Tree-Guided Learned FM-Index 2026 SIGMOD 5.1502319e-05
10,206 Bridging the Gap: Cardinality Estimation for Semantic Queries on Unstructured Data 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,508 Practical Parameterized Query Optimization via Efficient Plan Reuse and List-wise Ranking 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,696 OpenMLDB: A Real-Time Relational Data Feature Computation System for Online ML 2025 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,760 FAAQP: Fast and Accurate Approximate Query Processing based on Bitmap-augmented Sum-Product Network 2025 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,886 AQETuner: Reliable Query-level Configuration Tuning for Analytical Query Engines 2025 VLDB 5.093636e-05
11,083 Graph Transformers for Query Plan Representation: Potentials and Challenges 2025 VLDB 5.093636e-05
11,091 LEAP: A Low-cost Spark SQL Query Optimizer using Pairwise Comparison 2025 VLDB 5.093636e-05
11,095 LASER: Buffer-Aware Learned Query Scheduling in Master-Standby Databases 2025 VLDB 5.093636e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 22 of 22 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0024089429
18 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00059284255
35 Improved Histograms for Selectivity Estimation of Range Predicates 1996 SIGMOD 0.00048481081
84 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00035838391
323 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00021264788
401 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.00019092557
465 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.0001803934
513 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00017190574
694 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.00014911698
697 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00014888851
802 Random Sampling over Joins Revisited 2018 SIGMOD 0.00013907725
1,061 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00012369764
1,503 Self-Tuning, GPU-Accelerated Kernel Density Models for Multidimensional Selectivity Estimation 2015 SIGMOD 0.000105564
1,573 Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010328171
1,988 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 9.3501502e-05
2,203 Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models 2017 VLDB 8.9610447e-05
2,723 Learned Cardinality Estimation: A Design Space Exploration and A Comparative Evaluation 2022 VLDB 8.2049453e-05
2,812 Query Performance Prediction for Concurrent Queries using Graph Embedding 2020 VLDB 8.0979597e-05
2,888 AI Meets Database: AI4DB and DB4AI 2021 SIGMOD 7.9941489e-05
3,662 openGauss: An Autonomous Database System 2021 VLDB 7.2166682e-05
4,617 Learned Cardinality Estimation for Similarity Queries 2021 SIGMOD 6.604437e-05
5,340 Machine Learning for Databases 2021 VLDB 6.2603359e-05
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Semantically Similar Papers

# Overall Rank Paper Year Venue
1 2,620 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB
2 513 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB
3 465 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB
4 9,844 Cardinality Estimation of LIKE Predicate Queries using Deep Learning 2025 SIGMOD
5 1,876 Flow-Loss: Learning Cardinality Estimates That Matter 2021 VLDB
6 401 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB
7 1,061 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB
8 6,543 Speeding Up End-to-end Query Execution via Learning-based Progressive Cardinality Estimation 2023 SIGMOD
9 2,991 FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries 2023 SIGMOD
10 2,723 Learned Cardinality Estimation: A Design Space Exploration and A Comparative Evaluation 2022 VLDB