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Sampling Large Databases for Association Rules

Summary: Sample-driven, probabilistic discovery of association rules: mine a random subset to hypothesize likely rules for the full DB. Missed rules can be recovered with a second pass, yielding exact results while retaining near single-pass I/O efficiency. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
8529
Venue
VLDB
Year
1996
Pagerank
0.00018065337
Overall Rank
462 | 96.84%
DOI
-

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{toivonen_vldb96,
        title = {{Sampling Large Databases for Association Rules}},
        author = {Toivonen, Hannu},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '96},
        pages = {134},
        year = {1996}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 28 of 28 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
122 Approximate Frequency Counts over Data Streams 2002 VLDB 0.00031260115
304 Automatic Subspace Clustering of High Dimensional Data for Data Mining Applications 1998 SIGMOD 0.00021917388
691 Approximate Counts and Quantiles over Sliding Windows 2004 PODS 0.00014927798
704 Dynamic Itemset Counting and Implication Rules for Market Basket Data 1997 SIGMOD 0.00014837704
711 Beyond Market Baskets: Generalizing Association Rules to Correlations 1997 SIGMOD 0.00014713746
980 Integrating Association Rule Mining with Relational Database Systems: Alternatives and Implications 1998 SIGMOD 0.00012844074
1,535 Exploratory Mining and Pruning Optimizations of Constrained Association Rules 1998 SIGMOD 0.00010463058
1,713 Clustering Categorical Data: An Approach Based on Dynamical Systems 1998 VLDB 9.94811e-05
2,271 Online Maintenance of Very Large Random Samples 2004 SIGMOD 8.8254873e-05
2,789 Crowd Mining 2013 SIGMOD 8.1203892e-05
2,872 Estimating the Confidence of Conditional Functional Dependencies 2009 SIGMOD 8.0104819e-05
4,354 Online Association Rule Mining 1999 SIGMOD 6.7479905e-05
4,545 Association Rules over Interval Data 1997 SIGMOD 6.6382392e-05
4,581 Mining Graph Patterns Efficiently via Randomized Summaries 2009 VLDB 6.6198548e-05
4,969 Optimization of Constrained Frequent Set Queries with 2-variable Constraints 1999 SIGMOD 6.4201643e-05
5,603 Output Space Sampling for Graph Patterns 2009 VLDB 6.153476e-05
6,454 An Optimal Algorithm for l1-Heavy Hitters in Insertion Streams and Related Problems 2016 PODS 5.8746921e-05
7,044 On the Discovery of Interesting Patterns in Association Rules 1998 VLDB 5.7187358e-05
8,557 A Condensed Representation to Find Frequent Patterns 2001 PODS 5.4119882e-05
8,789 CrowdMiner: Mining association rules from the crowd 2013 VLDB 5.3726124e-05
9,131 TED: Towards Discovering Top-k Edge-Diversified Patterns in a Graph Database 2023 SIGMOD 5.3184767e-05
10,111 Parallel Rule Discovery from Large Datasets by Sampling 2022 SIGMOD 5.1347137e-05
10,766 Incremental Rule Discovery in Response to Parameter Updates 2025 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
11,418 Efficient Approximation Framework for Attribute Recommendation 2023 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
11,840 CATAPULT: Data-driven Selection of Canned Patterns for Efficient Visual Graph Query Formulation 2019 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
12,150 Beyond Itemsets: Mining Frequent Featuresets over Structured Items 2015 VLDB 5.093636e-05
12,766 Cost-Based Labeling of Groups of Mass Spectra 2004 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
12,838 Mining Long Sequential Patterns in a Noisy Environment 2002 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 9 of 9 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
13 Mining Association Rules between Sets of Items in Large Databases 1993 SIGMOD 0.0006567919
240 An Effective Hash-Based Algorithm for Mining Association Rules 1995 SIGMOD 0.0002366381
339 Sequential Sampling Procedures For Query Size Estimation 1992 SIGMOD 0.00020723773
456 Discovery of Multiple-Level Association Rules from Large Databases 1995 VLDB 0.00018124452
460 Mining Generalized Association Rules 1995 VLDB 0.00018071773
467 Random Sampling from B+ trees 1989 VLDB 0.00018002218
558 An Efficient Algorithm for Mining Association Rules in Large Databases 1995 VLDB 0.00016530269
4,584 The Power of Sampling in Knowledge Discovery 1994 PODS 6.6181342e-05
6,322 NeuroRule: A Connectionist Approach to Data Mining 1995 VLDB 5.9147876e-05
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