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Quickly Generating Billion-Record Synthetic Databases

Summary: Scalable billion-record synthetic SQL databases on shared-nothing clusters for benchmarking. Key ideas: congruential generators for dense, unique uniform data; concurrent index generation via discrete logs; and support for exponential, normal, and self-similar distributions. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
he9be0005aa270faa
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
1994
Pagerank
0.00033526937
Overall Rank
106 | 99.29%
DOI
10.1145/191839.191886

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{gray_sigmod94,
        title = {{Quickly Generating Billion-Record Synthetic Databases}},
        author = {Gray, Jim and Sundaresan, Prakash and Englert, Susanne and Baclawski, Ken and Weinberger, Peter J.},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '94},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/191839.191886},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/191839.191886},
        year = {1994}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 30 of 80 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
6,119 Just can't get enough - Synthesizing Big Data 2015 SIGMOD 5.881057e-05
6,877 Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes: Part Two 2022 VLDB 5.6581603e-05
6,896 Synthesizing Linked Data Under Cardinality and Integrity Constraints 2021 SIGMOD 5.6532847e-05
7,196 The TEXTURE Benchmark: Measuring Performance of Text Queries on a Relational DBMS 2005 VLDB 5.5896469e-05
7,325 BP-tree: Overcoming the Point-Range Operation Tradeoff for In-Memory B-trees 2023 VLDB 5.5522404e-05
7,496 SmartBench: A Benchmark For Data Management In Smart Spaces 2020 VLDB 5.5091445e-05
7,889 An Analysis of Concurrency Control Protocols for In-Memory Databases with CCBench 2020 VLDB 5.432861e-05
7,907 A Practical Approach to Groupjoin and Nested Aggregates 2021 VLDB 5.4287568e-05
8,028 Dscaler: Synthetically Scaling A Given Relational Database 2016 VLDB 5.4041252e-05
8,083 Nezha: Deployable and High-Performance Consensus Using Synchronized Clocks 2023 VLDB 5.3942942e-05
8,191 Testing Database Applications 2006 SIGMOD 5.3810352e-05
8,198 HYDRA: A Dynamic Big Data Regenerator 2018 VLDB 5.3791384e-05
8,236 Scaling your Hybrid CPU-GPU DBMS to Multiple GPUs 2024 VLDB 5.3710413e-05
8,341 DecLog: Decentralized Logging in Non-Volatile Memory for Time Series Database Systems 2024 VLDB 5.3517356e-05
8,571 Practical DB-OS Co-Design with Privileged Kernel Bypass 2025 SIGMOD 5.3127636e-05
8,642 OptiQL: Robust Optimistic Locking for Memory-Optimized Indexes 2023 SIGMOD 5.2957446e-05
8,833 Unbiased Estimation of Size and Other Aggregates Over Hidden Web Databases 2010 SIGMOD 5.267646e-05
9,127 Automatic Contention Detection and Amelioration for Data-Intensive Operations 2010 SIGMOD 5.2237283e-05
9,197 DataSynth: Generating Synthetic Data using Declarative Constraints 2011 VLDB 5.2097089e-05
9,221 SRS: Detecting Logic Bugs of Join Implementation in DBMSs via Set Relation Synthesis 2026 SIGMOD 5.2056825e-05
9,429 Efficiently Joining Large Relations on Multi-GPU Systems 2025 VLDB 5.1786456e-05
10,060 Simple Testing Can Expose Most Critical Transaction Bugs: Understanding and Detecting Write-Specific Serializability Violations in Database Systems 2025 VLDB 5.0875952e-05
10,136 Robustness against Read Committed for Transaction Templates 2021 VLDB 5.0747767e-05
10,176 Projection-Compliant Database Generation 2022 VLDB 5.0679291e-05
10,203 Rebirth-Retire: A Concurrency Control Protocol Adaptable to Different Levels of Contention 2025 VLDB 5.0609154e-05
10,468 HotHash: Hotness-Aware Consistent Hashing for Cloud Databases 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,785 MGI: A Communication Framework for Data Processing in Massive GPU Infrastructures 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
11,666 Cache-Efficient Top-k Aggregation over High Cardinality Large Datasets 2024 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
12,893 Dwarfs in the Rearview Mirror: How Big are they Really? 2008 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
13,048 Parallel Execution of Test Runs for Database Application Systems 2005 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 2 of 2 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
46 Benchmarking Database Systems: A Systematic Approach 1983 VLDB 0.00044784799
54 GAMMA - A High Performance Dataflow Database Machine 1986 VLDB 0.00040499302
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