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Flow-Loss: Learning Cardinality Estimates That Matter

Summary: Flow-Loss, a cardinality loss that directly optimizes the optimizer’s cost via a flow-routing plan graph. On the Cardinality Estimation Benchmark, it reduces plan costs and 99th-percentile runtimes on unseen templates, achieving 4–8x gains and better generalization than Q-Error models. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
12383
Venue
VLDB
Year
2021
Pagerank
8.1282042e-05
Overall Rank
2,781 | 80.68%
DOI
10.14778/3476249.3476259

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

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Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 53 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1,638 Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation 2022 VLDB 0.00011050093
3,269 Learned Cardinality Estimation: An In-depth Study 2022 SIGMOD 7.3026051e-05
3,492 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 7.0435484e-05
3,992 FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries 2023 SIGMOD 6.5519369e-05
4,413 Robust Query Driven Cardinality Estimation under Changing Workloads 2023 VLDB 6.1989918e-05
5,339 LEON: A New Framework for ML-Aided Query Optimization 2023 VLDB 5.5596755e-05
5,373 Fine-Grained Modeling and Optimization for Intelligent Resource Management in Big Data Processing 2022 VLDB 5.5410059e-05
5,405 ALECE: An Attention-based Learned Cardinality Estimator for SPJ Queries on Dynamic Workloads 2024 VLDB 5.5243727e-05
5,412 Kepler: Robust Learning for Faster Parametric Query Optimization 2023 SIGMOD 5.5200608e-05
5,639 Analyzing the Impact of Cardinality Estimation on Execution Plans in Microsoft SQL Server 2023 VLDB 5.3972261e-05
5,654 AutoSteer: Learned Query Optimization for Any SQL Database 2023 VLDB 5.3882121e-05
5,978 SafeBound: A Practical System for Generating Cardinality Bounds 2023 SIGMOD 5.2424396e-05
6,298 Towards instance-optimized data systems 2021 VLDB 5.1182917e-05
6,382 Sample-Efficient Cardinality Estimation Using Geometric Deep Learning 2024 VLDB 5.0835686e-05
6,774 A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS 2022 CIDR 4.9253635e-05
7,118 ASM: Harmonizing Autoregressive Model, Sampling, and Multi-dimensional Statistics Merging for Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 4.8204951e-05
7,220 Speeding Up End-to-end Query Execution via Learning-based Progressive Cardinality Estimation 2023 SIGMOD 4.7926382e-05
7,465 Yannakakis+: Practical Acyclic Query Evaluation with Theoretical Guarantees 2025 SIGMOD 4.7186055e-05
7,652 Machine Learning for Cloud Data Systems: the Progress so far and the Path Forward 2021 VLDB 4.6831938e-05
7,676 E2ETune: End-to-End Knob Tuning via Fine-tuned Generative Language Model 2025 VLDB 4.6770108e-05
7,854 dbET: Execution Time Distribution-based Plan Selection 2023 SIGMOD 4.6306186e-05
8,219 PerfGuard: Deploying ML-for-Systems without Performance Regressions, Almost! 2021 VLDB 4.551524e-05
8,585 A Spark Optimizer for Adaptive, Fine-Grained Parameter Tuning 2024 VLDB 4.4856045e-05
8,660 Learned Offline Query Planning via Bayesian Optimization 2025 SIGMOD 4.4680058e-05
8,711 Parachute: Single-Pass Bi-Directional Information Passing 2025 VLDB 4.4582346e-05
9,322 Are Joins over LSM-trees Ready? Take RocksDB as an Example 2025 VLDB 4.351469e-05
9,350 LIMAO: A Framework for Lifelong Modular Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.3494621e-05
9,487 Spatial Query Optimization With Learning 2024 VLDB 4.3300131e-05
9,581 Low Rank Learning for Offline Query Optimization 2025 SIGMOD 4.3186744e-05
9,628 Approximate Sketches 2024 SIGMOD 4.3102157e-05
9,746 Still Asking: How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2025 VLDB 4.2856385e-05
9,811 A Practical Theory of Generalization in Selectivity Learning 2025 VLDB 4.2742278e-05
9,824 Athena: An Effective Learning-based Framework for Query Optimizer Performance Improvement 2025 SIGMOD 4.2710095e-05
9,841 Machine Unlearning in Learned Databases: An Experimental Analysis 2024 SIGMOD 4.2685233e-05
9,868 Turbo-Charging SPJ Query Plans with Learned Physical Join Operator Selections 2022 VLDB 4.2634472e-05
9,916 Check Out the Big Brain on BRAD: Simplifying Cloud Data Processing with Learned Automated Data Meshes 2023 VLDB 4.2520778e-05
9,956 How to Optimize SQL Queries? A Comparison Between Split, Holistic, and Hybrid Approaches 2025 VLDB 4.2332427e-05
9,959 An Elephant Under The Microscope: Analyzing The Interaction Of Optimizer Components In PostgreSQL 2025 SIGMOD 4.2254157e-05
10,049 Approximate Query Processing under Updates 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,112 SEFRQO: A Self-Evolving Fine-Tuned RAG-Based Query Optimizer 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,203 Reqo: A Comprehensive Learning-Based Cost Model for Robust and Explainable Query Optimization 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,219 Practical Parameterized Query Optimization via Efficient Plan Reuse and List-wise Ranking 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,225 LIO: A lightweight and interpretable query optimizer based on an evolutionary forest 2026 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,227 Sample-based Distinct Cardinality Estimation for Multiple Attributes in Multi-Dataset Queries 2026 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,271 OBELISK: Efficient Offline Query Planning with Bayesian Optimization-Informed Language Model Reasoning 2026 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,300 TATA: An Efficient Framework for Task Transfer in Query Plan Representation 2026 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,627 Data-Agnostic Cardinality Learning from Imperfect Workloads 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,635 Robust Plan Evaluation based on Approximate Probabilistic Machine Learning 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,638 Conformal Prediction for Verifiable Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,863 Graph Transformers for Query Plan Representation: Potentials and Challenges 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 28 of 28 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
71 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00059446482
141 Selectivity Estimation Without the Attribute Value Independence Assumption 1997 VLDB 0.00041819767
203 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00034868567
223 Wavelet-Based Histograms for Selectivity Estimation 1998 SIGMOD 0.00032829841
329 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00027301488
373 Selectivity Estimation using Probabilistic Models 2001 SIGMOD 0.00025354685
512 STHoles: A Multidimensional Workload-Aware Histogram 2001 SIGMOD 0.00021385343
606 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00019251186
627 Preventing Bad Plans by Bounding the Impact of Cardinality Estimation Errors 2009 VLDB 0.00018959896
752 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.00017138049
804 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.0001643674
905 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00015423174
941 Wander Join: Online Aggregation via Random Walks 2016 SIGMOD 0.00015147831
1,104 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.0001398479
1,239 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00013091459
1,372 Random Sampling over Joins Revisited 2018 SIGMOD 0.0001233325
1,699 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00010848882
1,727 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010731889
2,080 Towards a Learning Optimizer for Shared Clouds 2019 VLDB 9.5954034e-05
2,143 Pessimistic Cardinality Estimation: Tighter Upper Bounds for Intermediate Join Cardinalities 2019 SIGMOD 9.4437798e-05
2,222 SkinnerDB: Regret-Bounded Query Evaluation via Reinforcement Learning 2019 SIGMOD 9.2598438e-05
2,364 Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries 2020 SIGMOD 8.955077e-05
2,971 Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models 2017 VLDB 7.7935535e-05
3,516 Accurate Summary-based Cardinality Estimation Through the Lens of Cardinality Estimation Graphs 2022 VLDB 7.018912e-05
3,658 Towards a Hands-Free Query Optimizer through Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 6.8700949e-05
3,725 Estimating Cardinalities with Deep Sketches 2019 SIGMOD 6.8117015e-05
3,955 Efficiently Approximating Selectivity Functions using Low Overhead Regression Models 2020 VLDB 6.5895015e-05
4,526 Simplicity Done Right for Join Ordering 2021 CIDR 6.1079584e-05
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Overall Rank Paper Year Venue Pagerank
3,455 Learned Cardinality Estimation: A Design Space Exploration and A Comparative Evaluation 2022 VLDB 7.0760196e-05
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9,727 SPACE: Cardinality Estimation for Path Queries Using Cardinality-Aware Sequence-based Learning 2025 SIGMOD 4.2901665e-05
7,220 Speeding Up End-to-end Query Execution via Learning-based Progressive Cardinality Estimation 2023 SIGMOD 4.7926382e-05
804 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.0001643674
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