Online, Asynchronous Schema Change in F1

Summary: F1’s protocol enables online, asynchronous schema evolution in a globally distributed, shared-data DB without global membership. A formal correctness model exposes corruption risks and guides decomposing changes into safe sequences under a one-version lag bound. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID: 10730
Venue: VLDB
Year: 2013
Pagerank: 7.3716387e-05
Overall Rank: 3,484 | 76.10%
DOI: 10.14778/2536222.2536229

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

1. Ian Rae (University of Wisconsin)
2. Eric Rollins (Google)
3. Jeff Shute (Google)
4. Sukhdeep Sodhi (Google)
5. Radek Vingralek (Google)

BibTeX Citation

@article{rae_vldb13,
        title = {{Online, Asynchronous Schema Change in F1}},
        author = {Rae, Ian and Rollins, Eric and Shute, Jeff and Sodhi, Sukhdeep and Vingralek, Radek},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '13},
        volume = {6},
        number = {11},
        pages = {1045--1056},
        doi = {10.14778/2536222.2536229},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/2536222.2536229},
        year = {2013}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 12 of 12 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
208	CockroachDB: The Resilient Geo-Distributed SQL Database	2020	SIGMOD	0.00024968157
607	F1: A Distributed SQL Database That Scales	2013	VLDB	0.00015800238
6,782	Everything is a Transaction: Unifying Logical Concurrency Control and Physical Data Structure Maintenance in Database Management Systems	2021	CIDR	5.7762362e-05
6,811	GeoGauss: Strongly Consistent and Light-Coordinated OLTP for Geo-Replicated SQL Database	2023	SIGMOD	5.7658045e-05
7,285	Bullion: A Column Store for Machine Learning	2025	CIDR	5.6559604e-05
7,791	BullFrog: Online Schema Evolution via Lazy Evaluation	2021	SIGMOD	5.5438714e-05
8,411	Mammoths Are Slow: The Overlooked Transactions of Graph Data	2024	VLDB	5.4309351e-05
8,832	Online Schema Evolution is (Almost) Free for Snapshot Databases	2023	VLDB	5.36029e-05
9,102	Asymmetric-Partition Replication for Highly Scalable Distributed Transaction Processing in Practice	2020	VLDB	5.3246805e-05
10,661	CRDV: Conflict-free Replicated Data Views	2025	SIGMOD	5.093636e-05
10,993	TuskFlow: An Efficient Graph Database for Long-Running Transactions	2025	VLDB	5.093636e-05
10,994	MD-MVCC: Multi-version Concurrency Control for Schema Changes in Azure SQL Database	2025	VLDB	5.093636e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 2 of 2 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
607	F1: A Distributed SQL Database That Scales	2013	VLDB	0.00015800238
4,570	Update Rewriting and Integrity Constraint Maintenance in a Schema Evolution Support System: PRISM++	2011	VLDB	6.6253573e-05

Semantically Similar Papers

#	Overall Rank	Paper	Year	Venue
1	13,118	A Novel Checkpointing Scheme for Distributed Database Systems	1990	PODS
2	2,729	On-the-Fly, Incremental, Consistent Reading of Entire Databases	1985	VLDB
3	3,248	File Structure Design To Facilitate On-Line Instantaneous Updating	1975	SIGMOD
4	2,523	Multidatabase Update Issues	1988	SIGMOD
5	13,005	Schema and Database Evolution in the O2 Object Database System	1995	VLDB
6	2,889	F1 Query: Declarative Querying at Scale	2018	VLDB
7	8,832	Online Schema Evolution is (Almost) Free for Snapshot Databases	2023	VLDB
8	607	F1: A Distributed SQL Database That Scales	2013	VLDB
9	6,337	Management of Schema Evolution in Databases	1991	VLDB
10	1,593	F1 – The Fault-Tolerant Distributed RDBMS Supporting Google's Ad Business	2012	SIGMOD