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Quickly Generating Billion-Record Synthetic Databases

Summary: Scalable billion-record synthetic SQL databases on shared-nothing clusters for benchmarking. Key ideas: congruential generators for dense, unique uniform data; concurrent index generation via discrete logs; and support for exponential, normal, and self-similar distributions. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
2792
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
1994
Pagerank
0.00033877899
Overall Rank
105 | 99.29%
DOI
10.1145/191839.191886

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{gray_sigmod94,
        title = {{Quickly Generating Billion-Record Synthetic Databases}},
        author = {Gray, Jim and Sundaresan, Prakash and Englert, Susanne and Baclawski, Ken and Weinberger, Peter J.},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '94},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/191839.191886},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/191839.191886},
        year = {1994}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 79 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
209 Sort vs. Hash Revisited: Fast Join Implementation on Modern Multi-Core CPUs 2009 VLDB 0.00024932174
232 LinkBench: a Database Benchmark Based on the Facebook Social Graph 2013 SIGMOD 0.00023830978
473 Staring into the Abyss: An Evaluation of Concurrency Control with One Thousand Cores 2015 VLDB 0.00017900942
632 Adaptive Aggregation on Chip Multiprocessors 2007 VLDB 0.00015575286
734 QAGen: Generating Query-Aware Test Databases 2007 SIGMOD 0.00014525584
755 Rethinking serializable multiversion concurrency control 2015 VLDB 0.00014326008
938 Flexible Database Generators 2005 VLDB 0.00013089351
1,054 Interactive Analytical Processing in Big Data Systems: A Cross-Industry Study of MapReduce Workloads 2012 VLDB 0.00012390673
1,063 High Performance Transactions via Early Write Visibility 2017 VLDB 0.00012343623
1,258 Managing Non-Volatile Memory in Database Systems 2018 SIGMOD 0.00011438197
1,265 An Experimental Comparison of Thirteen Relational Equi-Joins in Main Memory 2016 SIGMOD 0.00011415709
1,325 TicToc: Time Traveling Optimistic Concurrency Control 2016 SIGMOD 0.00011147309
1,334 Improving Optimistic Concurrency Control Through Transaction Batching and Operation Reordering 2019 VLDB 0.00011123567
1,423 Consistency Rationing in the Cloud: Pay only when it matters 2009 VLDB 0.00010822279
1,578 Simple and Realistic Data Generation 2006 VLDB 0.00010309264
1,700 Aria: A Fast and Practical Deterministic OLTP Database 2020 VLDB 9.9726588e-05
1,717 Improving the Performance of List Intersection 2009 VLDB 9.9327227e-05
1,782 Broadcast Disks: Data Management for Asymmetric Communication Environments 1995 SIGMOD 9.7735503e-05
1,822 PALM: Parallel Architecture-Friendly Latch-Free Modifications to B+ Trees on Many-Core Processors 2011 VLDB 9.6765747e-05
2,044 Detecting Logic Bugs of Join Optimizations in DBMS 2023 SIGMOD 9.2663577e-05
2,069 Generating Targeted Queries for Database Testing 2008 SIGMOD 9.2293717e-05
2,369 Data Generation using Declarative Constraints 2011 SIGMOD 8.682429e-05
2,498 Mega-KV: A Case for GPUs to Maximize the Throughput of In-Memory Key-Value Stores 2015 VLDB 8.5016595e-05
2,525 Answering Top-k Queries Using Views 2006 VLDB 8.4653166e-05
2,667 A Memory Bandwidth-Efficient Hybrid Radix Sort on GPUs 2017 SIGMOD 8.2756346e-05
2,707 Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes 2020 VLDB 8.2279594e-05
2,914 Reverse Data Management 2011 VLDB 7.9667467e-05
2,970 Accordion: Better Memory Organization for LSM Key-Value Stores 2018 VLDB 7.9122212e-05
3,016 Plausible Deniability for Privacy-Preserving Data Synthesis 2017 VLDB 7.8484858e-05
3,256 To Lock, Swap, or Elide: On the Interplay of Hardware Transactional Memory and Lock-Free Indexing 2015 VLDB 7.591263e-05
3,368 CloudRAMSort: Fast and Efficient Large-Scale Distributed RAM Sort on Shared-Nothing Cluster 2012 SIGMOD 7.4713287e-05
3,379 Cubetree: Organization of and Bulk Incremental Updates on the Data Cube 1997 SIGMOD 7.4582502e-05
3,632 FlexPushdownDB: Hybrid Pushdown and Caching in a Cloud DBMS 2021 VLDB 7.2368817e-05
3,903 Keep It Simple: Testing Databases via Differential Query Plans 2024 SIGMOD 7.0304586e-05
3,994 Generating Databases for Query Workloads 2010 VLDB 6.9686731e-05
4,021 PARADIS: An Efficient Parallel Algorithm for In-place Radix Sort 2015 VLDB 6.9501893e-05
4,096 Parallel Analytics as a Service 2013 SIGMOD 6.9057396e-05
4,110 Spitfire: A Three-Tier Buffer Manager for Volatile and Non-Volatile Memory 2021 SIGMOD 6.8948348e-05
4,243 Orchestrating Data Placement and Query Execution in Heterogeneous CPU-GPU DBMS 2022 VLDB 6.8073248e-05
4,869 Epoch-based Commit and Replication in Distributed OLTP Databases 2021 VLDB 6.4709867e-05
5,429 Detecting Metadata-Related Logic Bugs in Database Systems via Raw Database Construction 2024 VLDB 6.222006e-05
5,443 Generalized Hash Teams for Join and Group-by 1999 VLDB 6.2177595e-05
5,515 FPGA-based Multithreading for In-Memory Hash Joins 2015 CIDR 6.189963e-05
5,670 An Evaluation of Checkpoint Recovery for Massively Multiplayer Online Games 2009 VLDB 6.1272472e-05
5,717 Consistent Synchronization Schemes for Workload Replay 2011 VLDB 6.1097906e-05
5,900 Fine-Grained Re-Execution for Efficient Batched Commit of Distributed Transactions 2023 VLDB 6.0468661e-05
5,992 Just can't get enough - Synthesizing Big Data 2015 SIGMOD 6.0160344e-05
6,034 Taking Omid to the Clouds: Fast, Scalable Transactions for Real-Time Cloud Analytics 2018 VLDB 5.9996668e-05
6,086 Plush: A Write-Optimized Persistent Log-Structured Hash-Table 2022 VLDB 5.9817424e-05
6,733 Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes: Part Two 2022 VLDB 5.7880281e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 2 of 2 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
45 Benchmarking Database Systems: A Systematic Approach 1983 VLDB 0.00045531113
52 GAMMA - A High Performance Dataflow Database Machine 1986 VLDB 0.00041107291
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