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Quickly Generating Billion-Record Synthetic Databases

Summary: Scalable billion-record synthetic SQL databases on shared-nothing clusters for benchmarking. Key ideas: congruential generators for dense, unique uniform data; concurrent index generation via discrete logs; and support for exponential, normal, and self-similar distributions. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
2792
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
1994
Pagerank
0.00033877899
Overall Rank
105 | 99.29%
DOI
10.1145/191839.191886

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{gray_sigmod94,
        title = {{Quickly Generating Billion-Record Synthetic Databases}},
        author = {Gray, Jim and Sundaresan, Prakash and Englert, Susanne and Baclawski, Ken and Weinberger, Peter J.},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '94},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/191839.191886},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/191839.191886},
        year = {1994}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 29 of 79 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
6,755 Synthesizing Linked Data Under Cardinality and Integrity Constraints 2021 SIGMOD 5.7830386e-05
7,071 The TEXTURE Benchmark: Measuring Performance of Text Queries on a Relational DBMS 2005 VLDB 5.711485e-05
7,189 BP-tree: Overcoming the Point-Range Operation Tradeoff for In-Memory B-trees 2023 VLDB 5.6775326e-05
7,369 SmartBench: A Benchmark For Data Management In Smart Spaces 2020 VLDB 5.6314085e-05
7,427 Constant Optimization Driven Database System Testing 2025 SIGMOD 5.620674e-05
7,673 ROBUS: Fair Cache Allocation for Data-parallel Workloads 2017 SIGMOD 5.5705944e-05
7,765 An Analysis of Concurrency Control Protocols for In-Memory Databases with CCBench 2020 VLDB 5.5499187e-05
7,787 A Practical Approach to Groupjoin and Nested Aggregates 2021 VLDB 5.5449593e-05
7,866 Dscaler: Synthetically Scaling A Given Relational Database 2016 VLDB 5.5281143e-05
7,916 Nezha: Deployable and High-Performance Consensus Using Synchronized Clocks 2023 VLDB 5.5181056e-05
8,030 Testing Database Applications 2006 SIGMOD 5.5044887e-05
8,037 HYDRA: A Dynamic Big Data Regenerator 2018 VLDB 5.5025567e-05
8,167 DecLog: Decentralized Logging in Non-Volatile Memory for Time Series Database Systems 2024 VLDB 5.4745703e-05
8,474 OptiQL: Robust Optimistic Locking for Memory-Optimized Indexes 2023 SIGMOD 5.4172941e-05
8,671 Unbiased Estimation of Size and Other Aggregates Over Hidden Web Databases 2010 SIGMOD 5.3876663e-05
8,808 Scaling your Hybrid CPU-GPU DBMS to Multiple GPUs 2024 VLDB 5.3661351e-05
8,962 Automatic Contention Detection and Amelioration for Data-Intensive Operations 2010 SIGMOD 5.3435928e-05
9,028 DataSynth: Generating Synthetic Data using Declarative Constraints 2011 VLDB 5.3292816e-05
9,333 Efficiently Joining Large Relations on Multi-GPU Systems 2025 VLDB 5.2887551e-05
9,345 Practical DB-OS Co-Design with Privileged Kernel Bypass 2025 SIGMOD 5.284891e-05
9,869 Simple Testing Can Expose Most Critical Transaction Bugs: Understanding and Detecting Write-Specific Serializability Violations in Database Systems 2025 VLDB 5.2043672e-05
9,954 Robustness against Read Committed for Transaction Templates 2021 VLDB 5.1895077e-05
9,985 Projection-Compliant Database Generation 2022 VLDB 5.1842045e-05
10,013 Rebirth-Retire: A Concurrency Control Protocol Adaptable to Different Levels of Contention 2025 VLDB 5.1770751e-05
10,255 HotHash: Hotness-Aware Consistent Hashing for Cloud Databases 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,402 SRS: Detecting Logic Bugs of Join Implementation in DBMSs via Set Relation Synthesis 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
11,348 Cache-Efficient Top-k Aggregation over High Cardinality Large Datasets 2024 VLDB 5.093636e-05
12,603 Dwarfs in the Rearview Mirror: How Big are they Really? 2008 VLDB 5.093636e-05
12,758 Parallel Execution of Test Runs for Database Application Systems 2005 VLDB 5.093636e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 2 of 2 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
45 Benchmarking Database Systems: A Systematic Approach 1983 VLDB 0.00045531113
52 GAMMA - A High Performance Dataflow Database Machine 1986 VLDB 0.00041107291
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