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NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables

Summary: NeuroCard uses a single neural density estimator over the database to model join cardinalities, with no independence assumptions. Join sampling and autoregressive modeling achieve state-of-the-art accuracy; scalable to dozens of tables and compact to train. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
12580
Venue
VLDB
Year
2021
Pagerank
0.00015423174
Overall Rank
905 | 93.72%
DOI
10.14778/3421424.3421432

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

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Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 90 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
634 Bao: Making Learned Query Optimization Practical 2021 SIGMOD 0.00018844568
1,638 Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation 2022 VLDB 0.00011050093
1,699 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00010848882
2,090 Balsa: Learning a Query Optimizer Without Expert Demonstrations 2022 SIGMOD 9.5668285e-05
2,769 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 8.1512848e-05
2,781 Flow-Loss: Learning Cardinality Estimates That Matter 2021 VLDB 8.1282042e-05
2,937 DSB: A Decision Support Benchmark for Workload-Driven and Traditional Database Systems 2021 VLDB 7.8552033e-05
2,988 Neural Subgraph Counting with Wasserstein Estimator 2022 SIGMOD 7.7752463e-05
3,269 Learned Cardinality Estimation: An In-depth Study 2022 SIGMOD 7.3026051e-05
3,345 Lero: A Learning-to-Rank Query Optimizer 2023 VLDB 7.1908499e-05
3,455 Learned Cardinality Estimation: A Design Space Exploration and A Comparative Evaluation 2022 VLDB 7.0760196e-05
3,492 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 7.0435484e-05
3,729 Cost-based or Learning-based? A Hybrid Query Optimizer for Query Plan Selection 2022 VLDB 6.8078013e-05
3,777 Instance-Optimized Data Layouts for Cloud Analytics Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 6.7713324e-05
3,819 Zero-Shot Cost Models for Out-of-the-box Learned Cost Prediction 2022 VLDB 6.7267885e-05
3,924 A Unified Deep Model of Learning from both Data and Queries for Cardinality Estimation 2021 SIGMOD 6.6227223e-05
3,992 FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries 2023 SIGMOD 6.5519369e-05
4,151 openGauss: An Autonomous Database System 2021 VLDB 6.4020605e-05
4,413 Robust Query Driven Cardinality Estimation under Changing Workloads 2023 VLDB 6.1989918e-05
4,431 Lightweight and Accurate Cardinality Estimation by Neural Network Gaussian Process 2022 SIGMOD 6.1870601e-05
4,543 FACE: A Normalizing Flow based Cardinality Estimator 2022 VLDB 6.0953507e-05
4,658 PreQR: Pre-training Representation for SQL Understanding 2022 SIGMOD 6.0084453e-05
4,799 Towards Dynamic and Safe Configuration Tuning for Cloud Databases 2022 SIGMOD 5.9082876e-05
5,250 One Model to Rule them All: Towards Zero-Shot Learning for Databases 2022 CIDR 5.6007779e-05
5,339 LEON: A New Framework for ML-Aided Query Optimization 2023 VLDB 5.5596755e-05
5,373 Fine-Grained Modeling and Optimization for Intelligent Resource Management in Big Data Processing 2022 VLDB 5.5410059e-05
5,405 ALECE: An Attention-based Learned Cardinality Estimator for SPJ Queries on Dynamic Workloads 2024 VLDB 5.5243727e-05
5,412 Kepler: Robust Learning for Faster Parametric Query Optimization 2023 SIGMOD 5.5200608e-05
5,654 AutoSteer: Learned Query Optimization for Any SQL Database 2023 VLDB 5.3882121e-05
5,844 Stage: Query Execution Time Prediction in Amazon Redshift 2024 SIGMOD 5.3060581e-05
5,944 SAM: Database Generation from Query Workloads with Supervised Autoregressive Models 2022 SIGMOD 5.2583712e-05
5,952 PGMJoins: Random Join Sampling with Graphical Models 2021 SIGMOD 5.2547498e-05
5,978 SafeBound: A Practical System for Generating Cardinality Bounds 2023 SIGMOD 5.2424396e-05
5,994 Steering Query Optimizers: A Practical Take on Big Data Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 5.2367998e-05
6,298 Towards instance-optimized data systems 2021 VLDB 5.1182917e-05
6,365 Pre-training Summarization Models of Structured Datasets for Cardinality Estimation 2022 VLDB 5.0892829e-05
6,382 Sample-Efficient Cardinality Estimation Using Geometric Deep Learning 2024 VLDB 5.0835686e-05
6,687 How Good are Learned Cost Models, Really? Insights from Query Optimization Tasks 2025 SIGMOD 4.957987e-05
6,774 A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS 2022 CIDR 4.9253635e-05
6,860 Detect, Distill and Update: Learned DB Systems Facing Out of Distribution Data 2023 SIGMOD 4.9008421e-05
6,883 PilotScope: Steering Databases with Machine Learning Drivers 2024 VLDB 4.8918682e-05
6,967 LpBound: Pessimistic Cardinality Estimation using ℓp-Norms of Degree Sequences 2025 SIGMOD 4.875312e-05
7,009 Is Your Learned Query Optimizer Behaving As You Expect? A Machine Learning Perspective 2024 VLDB 4.8597992e-05
7,118 ASM: Harmonizing Autoregressive Model, Sampling, and Multi-dimensional Statistics Merging for Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 4.8204951e-05
7,122 Debunking the Myth of Join Ordering: Toward Robust SQL Analytics 2025 SIGMOD 4.8199209e-05
7,180 Coresets over Multiple Tables for Feature-rich and Data-efficient Machine Learning 2023 VLDB 4.8032775e-05
7,220 Speeding Up End-to-end Query Execution via Learning-based Progressive Cardinality Estimation 2023 SIGMOD 4.7926382e-05
7,332 Refactoring Index Tuning Process with Benefit Estimation 2024 VLDB 4.7553758e-05
7,564 Modeling Shifting Workloads for Learned Database Systems 2024 SIGMOD 4.7049893e-05
7,854 dbET: Execution Time Distribution-based Plan Selection 2023 SIGMOD 4.6306186e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 28 of 28 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0040465394
63 Improved Histograms for Selectivity Estimation of Range Predicates 1996 SIGMOD 0.00063595699
66 Spark SQL: Relational Data Processing in Spark 2015 SIGMOD 0.00061707583
71 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00059446482
101 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00049778866
121 Improved Query Performance with Variant Indexes 1997 SIGMOD 0.00045429472
141 Selectivity Estimation Without the Attribute Value Independence Assumption 1997 VLDB 0.00041819767
181 LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer 2001 VLDB 0.00036970794
203 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00034868567
329 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00027301488
373 Selectivity Estimation using Probabilistic Models 2001 SIGMOD 0.00025354685
416 Approximate Query Processing Using Wavelets 2000 VLDB 0.00023773968
606 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00019251186
752 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.00017138049
804 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.0001643674
838 Independence is Good: Dependency-Based Histogram Synopses for High-Dimensional Data 2001 SIGMOD 0.00016024923
941 Wander Join: Online Aggregation via Random Walks 2016 SIGMOD 0.00015147831
1,104 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.0001398479
1,239 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00013091459
1,372 Random Sampling over Joins Revisited 2018 SIGMOD 0.0001233325
1,536 Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions 2011 VLDB 0.00011458359
1,608 Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011169837
1,727 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010731889
2,080 Towards a Learning Optimizer for Shared Clouds 2019 VLDB 9.5954034e-05
2,167 Self-Tuning, GPU-Accelerated Kernel Density Models for Multidimensional Selectivity Estimation 2015 SIGMOD 9.3879598e-05
2,222 SkinnerDB: Regret-Bounded Query Evaluation via Reinforcement Learning 2019 SIGMOD 9.2598438e-05
2,868 Designing Succinct Secondary Indexing Mechanism by Exploiting Column Correlations 2019 SIGMOD 7.9856878e-05
2,971 Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models 2017 VLDB 7.7935535e-05
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