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Bifocal Sampling for Skew-Resistant Join Size Estimation

Summary: Bifocal sampling classifies tuples into sparse and dense groups and uses estimators tailored to cross-group joinings. With a sample size O(sqrt(n) log n), it achieves high-probability constant-factor accuracy for Omega(n/log n) joins, skew-resistant. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
2952
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
1996
Pagerank
0.00014539362
Overall Rank
730 | 95.00%
DOI
10.1145/233269.233340

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{ganguly_sigmod96,
        title = {{Bifocal Sampling for Skew-Resistant Join Size Estimation}},
        author = {Ganguly, Sumit and Gibbons, Phillip B. and Matias, Yossi and Silberschatz, Avi},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '96},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/233269.233340},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/233269.233340},
        year = {1996}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 28 of 28 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
54 On Random Sampling over Joins 1999 SIGMOD 0.00040810225
136 Join Synopses for Approximate Query Answering 1999 SIGMOD 0.00030123303
363 Approximate Query Processing: Taming the TeraBytes! A Tutorial 2001 VLDB 0.0002005475
418 Tracking Join and Self-Join Sizes in Limited Storage 1999 PODS 0.00018812821
432 Mining Database Structure; Or, How to Build a Data Quality Browser 2002 SIGMOD 0.00018572055
694 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.00014911698
737 Join Size Estimation Subject to Filter Conditions 2015 VLDB 0.00014490983
802 Random Sampling over Joins Revisited 2018 SIGMOD 0.00013907725
862 Spectral Bloom Filters 2003 SIGMOD 0.00013532857
1,294 Augmented Sketch: Faster and More Accurate Stream Processing 2016 SIGMOD 0.00011291308
1,664 Two-Level Sampling for Join Size Estimation 2017 SIGMOD 0.00010070362
1,729 Combining Histograms and Parametric Curve Fitting for Feedback-Driven Query Result-Size Estimation 1999 VLDB 9.908788e-05
2,203 Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models 2017 VLDB 8.9610447e-05
2,271 Online Maintenance of Very Large Random Samples 2004 SIGMOD 8.8254873e-05
3,228 Correlation Sketches for Approximate Join-Correlation Queries 2021 SIGMOD 7.6215176e-05
3,788 Graph-Based Synopses for Relational Selectivity Estimation 2006 SIGMOD 7.1244416e-05
3,803 A Bi-Level Bernoulli Scheme for Database Sampling 2004 SIGMOD 7.1114677e-05
4,138 A Disk-Based Join With Probabilistic Guarantees* 2005 SIGMOD 6.8779166e-05
4,857 Similarity Join Size Estimation using Locality Sensitive Hashing 2011 VLDB 6.4752373e-05
6,562 Query Sampling in DB2 Universal Database 2004 SIGMOD 5.838575e-05
6,827 Sampling Dirty Data for Matching Attributes 2010 SIGMOD 5.7616041e-05
7,256 Weighted Distinct Sampling: Cardinality Estimation for SPJ Queries 2021 SIGMOD 5.6625146e-05
8,155 Containment Join Size Estimation: Models and Methods 2003 SIGMOD 5.4766319e-05
9,027 JoinSketch: A Sketch Algorithm for Accurate and Unbiased Inner-Product Estimation 2023 SIGMOD 5.3293224e-05
9,329 Panakos: Chasing the Tails for Multidimensional Data Streams 2023 VLDB 5.2894515e-05
10,333 VecFlow: A High-Performance Vector Data Management System for Filtered-Search on GPUs 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,438 CorrBound: Cardinality Estimation Accounting for Inter- and Intra-relation Correlations 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
11,194 Enabling Adaptive Sampling for Intra-Window Join: Simultaneously Optimizing Quantity and Quality 2024 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 10 of 10 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
55 Statistical Estimators for Relational Algebra Expressions 1988 PODS 0.00040746149
75 Sampling-Based Estimation of the Number of Distinct Values of an Attribute 1995 VLDB 0.00037277061
76 Practical Selectivity Estimation through Adaptive Sampling 1990 SIGMOD 0.00037054261
178 Processing Aggregate Relational Queries with Hard Time Constraints 1989 SIGMOD 0.00026881845
339 Sequential Sampling Procedures For Query Size Estimation 1992 SIGMOD 0.00020723773
484 Error-Constrained COUNT Query Evaluation in Relational Databases 1991 SIGMOD 0.00017746696
992 Query Size Estimation by Adaptive Sampling (Extended Abstract) 1990 PODS 0.00012790174
1,186 Fixed-Precision Estimation of Join Selectivity 1993 PODS 0.00011764128
1,382 Estimating the Size of Generalized Transitive Closures 1989 VLDB 0.00010965236
1,440 On the Relative Cost of Sampling for Join Selectivity Estimation 1994 PODS 0.00010778889
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# Overall Rank Paper Year Venue
1 76 Practical Selectivity Estimation through Adaptive Sampling 1990 SIGMOD
2 3,941 Guaranteeing the O~(AGM/OUT) Runtime for Uniform Sampling and Size Estimation over Joins 2023 PODS
3 1,440 On the Relative Cost of Sampling for Join Selectivity Estimation 1994 PODS
4 992 Query Size Estimation by Adaptive Sampling (Extended Abstract) 1990 PODS
5 1,172 An Instant and Accurate Size Estimation Method for Joins and Selection in a Retrieval-Intensive Environment 1993 SIGMOD
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7 11,644 Index-Based Join Size Estimation Using Adaptive Sampling 2021 SIGMOD
8 418 Tracking Join and Self-Join Sizes in Limited Storage 1999 PODS
9 737 Join Size Estimation Subject to Filter Conditions 2015 VLDB
10 1,664 Two-Level Sampling for Join Size Estimation 2017 SIGMOD